American Indian Movement: Activism and Repression Essay -- Indian Nati

American Indian Movement Activism and Repression Native Americans have felt distress from societal and governmental int agections for hundreds of years. American Indian protests against these pressures date back to the colonial period. Broken treaties, removal policies, acculturation, and assimilation have scarred the indigenous societies of the United States. These policies and the continued oppression of the native communities produced an atmosphere of heightened tension. governmental pressure for assimilation and their apparent aim to destroy cultures, communities, and identities through policies gave the native people a reason to fight. The unanticipated consequence was the subsequent creation of a pan-American Indian identity of the 1960s. These factors combined with poverty, racism, and prolonged discrimination fueled a resentment that had been present in Indian communities for many years. In 1968, the formation of the American Indian Movement took place to tackle the situation and position of Native Americans in society. This campaign gave way to a series of radical protests, which were designed to destiny awareness to the concerns of American Indians and to compel the federal government to act on their behalf. The movements major events were the occupation of Alcatraz, Mount Rush more(prenominal), The Trail of Broken Treaties, and wounded Knee II. These AIM efforts in the 1960s and 1970s era of protest contained many sociological theories that helped and hindered the Native Americans success. The Governments continued repression of the Native Americans assisted in the more radicalized approach of the American Indian Movement. Radical tactics combined with media attention stained the AIM and their effectiveness. Native militancy became a repertoire of action along with adopted strategies from the Civil Rights Movement. In this essay, I will explain the formation of AIM and their major events, while revealing that this identity based social movements ra dical approach led to a harsher governmentally repressive counter movement that ultimately influenced the movements decline. The growing pan-Indian activism that was becoming increasingly strong in regions of the United States helped develop the American Indian Movement. Educated young urban Indians were becoming involved in rights issues and insisted on self-determination in the 1960s era of prote... ...erican Indian Movement during the 1970s. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 18.4 (1994) 242-64.Della Porta, Donatella, and Mario Diani. Social Movements An Introduction. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing, 1999. rear endson, Troy R. The Occupation of Alcatraz Island Indian Self-Determination and the Rise of Indian Activism. Chicago University of Illinois Press. 1996. Johnson, Troy, Joane Nagel, and Duane Champagne. American Indian Activism Alcatraz to the Longest Walk. Chicago University of Illinois Press. 1997.Means, Russell, and Marvin J. Wolf. Where White Men Fear To Trea d. modern York St. Martins Press. 1995.PBS. Alcatraz is Not an Island Timeline of Indian Activism. PBS Online. 1 Dec. 2004 . Sanchez, John and Mary E. Stuckey. The rhetoric of American Indian activism in the 1960s and 1970s. Communication Quarterly 48.2 (2000) 1-9.Smith, Paul Chaat, and Robert Allen Warrior. Like a Hurricane The Indian Movementfrom Alcatraz to Wounded Knee. New York W.W. Norton. 1996. Vine, Deloria. Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties An Indian Declaration of Independence. Austin University of Texas Press. 1985.

Dreams of Millennium :: essays research papers fc

In his 1996 report, Dreams of millennium a report from a culture on the brink, Mark Kingwell discusses a spectrum of topics some of which tactility on the and then imminent millennium and some which seem to have very little to do with the subject. He switches from topic to topic seemingly without governance or connection. The book, although relatively lengthy, does not seem to come to any conclusions. Kingwell discusses several issues that he believes will become more problematic in the future and he discusses the millennium, as these problems will shape it. He chew outs well-nigh the fates that different religious groups fear, and how maybe those without faith will be set ahead mistrustful and disbelieving. Kingwells discussions of Armageddon reveal his own lack of fear he does not seem to fear the future as a millennium, but as something else. Kingwell seems to stand all the predictions of others that he talks close to and concentrates on his own view that essentially nothi ng will really change because of the millennium. He talks about all kinds of people in groups and how they will react as the new age approaches. He cannot predict their fate, but he does a good task of clarifying how they have prepared. Mr. Kingwell talks of how in hundreds of years past, people believed in superstition, spirits, and psychic abilities. The author new watches as society turns back down that road. Unfortunately, Kingwell seems to talk at length about everything for an end result of nothing. His arguments and facts are well thought out and researched, but they do not clarify any explanations about the preparation for the millennium.To capture Kingwells work in a small space is difficult. With his long and drawn out explanations of why millennium is, for many, the beginning of the end, Kingw3ell states that almost every century since the 1100s has brought increased anxietyat its close. Shortly after stating this, he goes on to describe many events in the past that supp ort this statement. He talks of calendars and their significance in the past and relates them to those of today. For example Kingwell tells us that, it wasnt until the 1290sthat the centuries began to take on the shape they have now for us. He then adds that, not until the 1690s people began to see themselves as products of a given century. From these facts we could conclude that the millennium issue didnt even occur to people until slight than 500 years before it.

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - Infanticide and Sadism :: Wuthering Heights Essays

Wuthering Heights Infanticide and Sadism I would like to begin by but defining the terms infanticide and sadism. Websters Dictionary defines infanticide as the killing of an infant or the trauma of an infant. The same source defines sadism as both a disorder in which sexual gratification is derived by causing pain or degradation to others and simply pleasure in being cruel. Now, while reading Wuthering Heights, I was giving every character the benefit of the doubt. I was accounting their rough life to round-eyed hard times. However, after reading Infanticide and Sadism in Wuthering Heights my eyes were opened to the perversion of the world portrayed in Wuthering Heights. To start off, I would like to wipe turn out a good look at the suffering of the children. Each child does not have the benefit of their mother for a very long conclusion of time. Catherine Earnshaw is not quite eight when her mother dies Cathy Lintons birth coincides with her mothers death Haretons mother dies the year of his birth and Heathcliff is an orphan by the time he is seven. Even the children who sire motherly care throughout childhood do not receive it long after they reach puberty. Linton Heathcliff loses his mother when he is not quite thirteen- Linton, of course, is a child all his life- and Isabella Linton is orphaned when she is fourteen. The only exceptions- and these unimportant - are Hindley Earnshaw and Edgar Linton, who are sixteen and eighteen respectively when their mothers die (and even their mothers are apparently not very motherly). (Thompson 139). Bronte does away with all of the mothers. Why does she so that? She kills off the mothers to help better accent the childrens struggle against all the psycho adults who are all out to kill them. The first child to receive this kind of treatment was Heathcliff when he first arrived and Mrs. Earnshaw wanted to fling it outdoors. This sort of treatment was subjected to every child in the book, and without their mothers, there was nobody to protect thern. Hareton Earnshaw lives a more dangerous life than most of the children. He lost his mother the year of his birth and spent a great deal of his childhood hiding from his father, whose first instinct when drunk is to kill his son. Hareton manages to survive, but Linton Heathcliff is not so lucky.

Youth Smoking and Prevention Essay -- Tobacco Addiction Papers

Youth Smoking and bar Introduction Ascertaining the Issue and Addressing the Problem As we progress into a more advanced and knowledgeable future, it is no wonder that our prosperity and health are first on our list of priorities. By simply looking at the longevity populate have in todays world, one can see something that was unfathomable less than one hundred years ago. In this proposal, an issue is addressed that deals on some(prenominal) levels. It is an issue that touches everyone, whether one is directly involved or not. It is an issue that lives in every community around the world and affects more people than most realize. So as we advance into an increasingly foreseeable future, where our standard of success rises higher and higher toward perfection, it is ironic how we allow such an issue slip past our sentiment and remain forever in our periphery. It is this, the issue of smoking, which has stood the test of time and has raised all of these concerns. The importance of a ddressing this blemish on societys face is something that can no endless be ignored. The purpose of this proposal is to effectively state a solution to the problems of youth smoking and illegal sale of tobacco, issues that have been pushed aside in the minds of so many for too long. Background Information Linking the Past With the Present PrologueCigarette smoking is ubiquitous. It seems today that everywhere we turn we see media channeling or promoting their attention on smoking. How this effects society in America and others around the world is substantial. Over recent years, prominence of smoking has been seen to be on the upswing and this in effect not only influences adult smokers, but youths as well. However, the issue of youth smok... ...s April 2002 report on Smoking. Washington, DC U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003. Insel, Paul M. and Roth, Walton T. Core Concepts in Health. spick-and-span York McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004. Jamrozik, Konrad. ABC of Smoking Cessat ion Population Strategies to Prevent Smoking. British Medical Journal, Issue 328 (2004 759-62). Special Reports State Tobacco Settlement. Tobacco-Free Kids. 25 March 2004. . Unites States plane section of Health and Human Services. Changing Adolescent Smoking Prevalence. Maryland National Institute of Health, 2001. United States. One Hundred Eighth Congress. Youth Smoking Prevention and State Revenue Enforcement Act. Washington GPO, 2003. When Smoking Was A Choice Addiction. Why Quit. 29 Mar. 2004. .

Romanticism as a Reaction to Neoclassicism :: Romanticism Essays

The time of Romanticism began in the late 18th century and ended around the mid 19th century. Just showing what the Romantic Movement is, it can be shown as a reaction against Neoclassicism. Romantic art portrays emotional, painted, or shown in a bold and dramatic manner, and in that location is often a stress on the past. Romantic artists often use sad themes and dramatic tragedies. Paintings by famous Romantic artists such as Gericault and Delacroix are filled with energetic brushstrokes, rich colors, and emotive subject matters. While the German landscape painter Casper David Friedrich created images of lost loneliness, and at the same time in Spain, Francisco Goya conveyed the horrors of war in his works. This shows the transition of different art works of this time period. Some of these artists were fascinated in nature, lot can definitely see this if they are shown done any Romanticism museum, also the importance of drama and emotion. At this time artists made the ir art work portray more than then what the eye sees, the artists added more symbolism to the art work then in the Renaissance. The Pre-Raphaelite movement succeeded Romanticism, and Impressionism is firmly rooted in the Romantic tradition. Other famous Romantic artists implicate George Stubbs, William Blake, John Margin, John Constable, JMW Turner, and Sir Thomas Lawrence. And Although Romanticism was very popular for the paintings, it was also popular for its music, and poetry, and even architecture. This shows that this period advanced not only in variety of artwork but also a variety of all sorts of effects.The German poets and critics, August Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel first used the term ?Romanticism? to label a wider ethnical movement, the period expanded way more then they ever dreamed. This gave the Schlegel brothers a good time to show Christianity through art, even though the majority of people where using the plain Classical culture. This started the ?Romantic Movement.The ?Romantic Movement,? gained popularity in Germany and then quickly spread to England, France, and beyond. Eventually the movement reached America, this was around the year 1820, (some 20 eld after William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had revolutionized English poetry by publishing Lyrical Ballads). In America and in Europe, fresh new ideas and visions struck the artistic and intellectual circles in America.

Romanticism as a Reaction to Neoclassicism :: Romanticism Essays

The time of amatoryism began in the late 18th century and ended somewhat the mid 19th century. Just showing what the Romantic Movement is, it stomach be shown as a reaction against Neoclassicism. Romantic art gives emotional, painted, or shown in a bold and dramatic manner, and there is often a stress on the past. Romantic artists often use sad themes and dramatic tragedies. Paintings by noteworthy Romantic artists such as Gericault and Delacroix are filled with energetic brushstrokes, rich colors, and emotive subject matters. While the German landscape painter Casper David Friedrich created images of lost loneliness, and at the same time in Spain, Francisco Goya conveyed the horrors of war in his works. This shows the variety of different art works of this time period. Some of these artists were fascinated in nature, people can definitely see this if they are shown by dint of any Romanticism museum, also the importance of drama and emotion. At this time artists made the ir art work portray more then what the eye sees, the artists added more symbolism to the art work then in the Renaissance. The Pre-Raphaelite strawman succeeded Romanticism, and Impressionism is firmly rooted in the Romantic tradition. Other famous Romantic artists include George Stubbs, William Blake, John Margin, John Constable, JMW Turner, and Sir Thomas Lawrence. And Although Romanticism was very popular for the paintings, it was also popular for its music, and poetry, and even architecture. This shows that this period advance not only in variety of artwork but also a variety of all sorts of effects.The German poets and critics, August Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel first used the term ?Romanticism? to label a wider cultural movement, the period expanded way more then they ever dreamed. This gave the Schlegel brothers a good time to show Christianity through art, even though the majority of people where using the plain Classical culture. This started the ?Romantic Movemen t.The ?Romantic Movement,? gained popularity in Germany and then quickly spread to England, France, and beyond. Eventually the movement reached America, this was around the year 1820, (some 20 years after William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had revolutionized English poetry by publishing Lyrical Ballads). In America and in Europe, fresh refreshing ideas and visions struck the artistic and intellectual circles in America.

A Critique Of American Sandwich Essay

The whole article tells a true story that happened when the reason was a little kid. The Author travel from Portugal to American along with his parents. With so special family background, the author aspire to American Sandwiches rather than thick sliced ham and vegetables wrapped with large loaf of bread. Actually, it reflects the expectations of author that could be a strong desire to touch American cultures and fit into American social circles. Through come out of the closet the articleEdite Cunha utilize the conversation between his fuss and him as well as the mental activities behaved by him to describe his vivid dream of owning the sunbeam bread.The frequent transform of the scenes are better to draw the economic aid of the readers to focus on the rhythm of the story. I think each person has undergone same olfactory property during his or her early stage of life. Take mine experience as an example, I was born in a remote town of a small city, when I was 10 years old, I move d out of the small town to the central areas of the city. I begun to study with these urban kidsit took a quite long period for me to get rid of the loneliness. Because we are wired to feel fear whenever we stepping into an unfamiliar environment, this is why I stick to face the question and become more positive. CurrentlyI am logging for the American lifestyle, law-abiding and mimicking people surround me.

Phidias & Associates Essay

In the best interest of the productivity and success of Phidias & Associates, Id like to suggest the adoption of a corporate strategy already in use by NASA and other leading countries across the world. Corporate napping is an exceptionally cost-effective and efficient way to reform the accuracy, alertness, and speed of workers by as much as 34%. The conversion of Phidias & Associates to a nap friendly zone would enhance the experience of around 92% of employees.Immediate improvements in energy, creativity, problem-solving, and job satisfaction would be in the bright future of this company. The first step to realizing the reality of this advancement is the addition of a nap room to the offices of Phidias & Associates. What other room in our building can offer such impressive gains for our state of matter? A nap room doesnt postulate to be elaborate. Many companies utilize a sound proof room, several couches, and a dimmer switch to provide a place for employees to recharge and ren ew. preferably than rearranging the office space, Ive discovered an even easier alternative for the company to immediately begin reaping the benefits of corporate napping. The company MetroNaps rents and sells individualized EnergyPods to high-paced future-thinking organizations like Phidias & Associates. For only $12,485, we could purchase an EnergyPod. at that places also the option to rent EnergyPods for only $10/per employee/per month. A productivity boom is only a small investment away In addition to a place to nap, our employees will require one other change to fully embrace this advancement.In America, a strong negative discoloration surrounds the concept of napping in the workforce. This judgment is holding back our countrys and companys potential for success. Other countries, like Japan, and some of our own countrys top leaders, like Thomas Edison and John Kennedy, utilized napping for its purpose-the restore energy. A few brief informative meetings and distribution of ed ucational materials could change the mentality of Phidias & Associates to view napping as a tool for our companys growth.Ten and twenty years ago, large and successful companies modernized their facilities by adding fitness centers. Realizing that somatogenetic and mental health extends beyond the benefits of exercise, corporate napping is whats missing from our organization. By becoming a leader in the industry, we can harness the secret gains of this generally unknown trick to boosting productivity. Nap rooms benefit the executives, the employees, and the advancement of Phidias & Associates. Please consider the lofty paybacks of installing a nap room and e-mail me your reply.

The Robot Tree A New Ecofriendly Technology Environmental Sciences Essay

The paper trades with the construct of a synthetic tree called zombi TREE . The golem tree has the possible to absorb C dioxide which is the major cause for the planetary heating. Although methane, azotic oxide, oz single, fluorinated compounds besides account for the planetary heating, C dioxide is the major gas pedal which causes cardinal per centum of the planetary heating. The definition of planetary heating, causes and effects of planetary heating, the solution we propose, how the zombie tree ( man-made tree ) gives a solution to the consequence and the feasibleness of the man-made tree are profoundly discussed in this paper. This paper brush off move as a guidebook to cognize about the engineering with its seeds and weeds and to guide the importance of the engineering in the coming hereafter.IntroductionWe all know that woods are the hoarded wealths of our Earth. But now, world himself has started to destruct woods -the hoarded wealths of our Earth. By cutting trees, n on provided that the rainfall will be reduced, besides the temperature will overdress tremendously, which consequences in planetary heating. This causes injury to the whole world. Thus the scientists are giving call to harbor forest and clean world. Re search is traveling on sing the issue. In our paper we propose an amazing solution to salvage our Earth from planetary warming.The nursery consequence is being accelerated by releases of certain gases to the ambiance that are doing the Earth s temperature to lift. WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING? ? ?Global Warming is defined as the addition of the typify temperature on Earth. As the Earth is getting hotter, catastrophes alike(p) hurricanes, drouths and inundations are acquiring much frequent. Over the last 100 gray-haired ages, the mean temperature of the air near the EarthA?s surface has risen a undersize less than 1A Celsius ( 0.74 A 0.18AC, or 1.3 A 0.32A Fahrenheit ) . Does non look all that a great deal? It is responsible for t he conspicuous addition in storms, inundations and ramping forest fires we meet seen in the last 10 old ages, though, say scientists.A Their informations show that an addition of one class Celsius makes the Earth heater now than it has been for at least a thousand old ages. Out of the 20 warmest old ages on record, 19 have occurred since 1980. The three hottest old ages of all time observed have all occurred in the last eight old ages, even.180px-2000_Year_Temperature_ComparisonMAIN CAUSES FOR GLOBAL HeatingCarbon dioxide, water vapor, azotic oxide, methane and ozone are slightly of the natural gases doing planetary heating.CARBON DIOXIDENinety-three per centum of all emanationsGenerating power by firing C based fossil fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal, decomposition, news report for about one one-fourth of all planetary emanations.MethaneTwenty multiplication more effectual in pin downing heat in our ambiance 25 times every bit powerful as C dioxideAgricultural activities, landfills.NITROUS OXIDEAgricultural dirt direction, carnal manure direction, sewerage intervention, Mobile and stationary burning of fossil fuel, adipic sharp production, and azotic hot production.OzoneAutomobile fumes and industrial procedures.HYDROFLURO COMPOUNDS ( HFCs ) .Industrial procedures such as foam production, infrigidation, dry cleansing, chemical fabrication, and semiconducting material fabrication.PERFLURONIATEDCOMPOUNDS ( PFCs ) .Smelting of aluminumHealth AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSGreenhouse gas emanations could do a 1.8 to 6.3A Fahrenheit rise in temperature during the pastime degree centigrade, if atmospheric degrees are non reduced.Produce utmost conditions events, such as drouths and inundations.Threaten coastal resources and sozzledlands by raising sea degree.Increase the hazard of certain diseases by bring forthing new genteelness sites for plagues and pathogens.Agricultural parts and forests are besides susceptible to alterations in clime that could ensue in increase insect populations and works disease.The debasement of natural ecosystems could take to cut down biological diverseness.WHAT GLOBAL Heating EFFECTS ARE EXPECTED FOR THE FUTURE?To hollo the hereafter planetary heating effects, several nursery gas emanation scenarios were developed and fed into computing machine theoretical accounts.They project for the following century that, without specific policy alterationsGlobal average temperature should increase by between 1.4 and 5.8AC ( 2.5 to 10AF ) .The Northern Hemisphere screen should diminish further, only the polar ice sheet should increase.The sea degree should lift by between 9 and 88 centimeter ( 3.5 to 35 ) .Other alterations should happen, including an addition in some utmost conditions events.After 2100, forgiving induced planetary heating effects are projected to prevail for many centuries.The sea degree should go on lifting for 1000s of old ages after the clime has been stabilized. We have weather up to 40 de gree Celsius now.IMPACTS OF RISE IN MAJOR GREEN HOUSE GAS carbonic acid gasIn air the C dioxide concentration should be about 330 ppm ( parts per million ) .But due to environmental research workers the C dioxide content will increase as follows,2025i? 405 to 469 ppm2050i? 445 to 640 ppm2100i? 540 to 970 ppmWe have weather up to 40 degree Celsius now. It is expected that the conditions will increase in Tamil Nadu as follows.In 2025 i? 0.4 to 1.1 grade CelsiusIn 2050 i? 0.8 to 2.6 grade CelsiusIn 2100 i? 1.4 to 5.8 grade CelsiusSolution WE PROPOSEWe all know that woods are the hoarded wealths of our Earth. But, adult manful started to destruct woods and the scientists are giving call to salvage forest. We all know that forests aid to protect the Earth from planetary heating. By cutting trees, non merely that the rainfall will be reduced, besides the temperature will raise tremendously, which causes injury to the whole world. The research is traveling on all the clip to salvage the w orld from planetary heating. Now, it has been found that automashort ton trees will assist to ensure the job of planetary heating. In the air, the C dioxide content should be 330 ppm ( portion per million ) . Day by twenty-four hours it is increasing which consequences in planetary heating.WHAT IS ROBOT TREE? ? ?The scientists are seeking to do automaton to execute assorted activities to cut down the physical and mental work of human being. The combination of character and automatons is called Robotany. The scientists Jill Coffin, John Taylor and Daniel Bauen are researching on automaton tree. The zombi tree does non look like our ordinary tree. The constructions of the root, roots and foliages are present in the automaton tree. Does robot corner aid to work out the job of planetary heating?I have read in a magazine late that the experimentation through by the research workers at Madurai Kamaraj University on automaton tree is successful. Hats off to them. It is truly happy intel ligence. We have canvass in history that the male monarchs of olden yearss had planted trees on both(prenominal) sides of the route. In the same manner we hope that all the roads will stick to robot trees on both sides in future to forestall planetary heating and salvage the Earth. It is said that one automaton tree is equal to 1000 natural trees. Each automaton tree looks more like a elephantine fly flyswat so as to stay as guards of worldKlaus Lackner, a professor of Geophysicss at Columbia University, is working on an interesting construct A man-made trees .A The thought is to reproduce the procedure of photosynthesis to gaining obtain and shop monolithic sums of carbon dioxide gas. around 90,000 dozenss of C dioxide a twelvemonth, approximately the sum emitted yearly by 15,000 autos, could be captured by the construction. Paired with a windmill, the carbon-capture tree would bring forth about 3 megawatts of power, Lackner calculates, doing the operation self-sufficient i n energy.synthetic_treeThe scientists are seeking to do automaton to execute assorted activities to cut down the physical and mental work of human being. The combination of nature and automatons is called Robotany. The scientists Jill Coffin, John Taylor and Daniel Bauen are presently researching on automaton tree.HOW DOES A ROBOT TREE FUNCTION? ? ?Merely conceive of a radiation diagram tree. A radiation pattern will hold a root, root and foliages. In the same manner, the automaton tree besides has root, root, subdivision and foliage like normal tree. Some plastic poles are fixed in the root portion and in between solar home bases are fixed which act as foliages. In the large poles little holes are made and little poles are fixed. This will absorb C dioxide in the air. In the interior of large poles in that side will be calcium hydroxide liquid and the captive C dioxide will be dissolved in it.The solar home bases produce legitimate and base on balls current inside the root, wh ich will divide C and O. Oxygen, H and vapor will come out. The C will move with urine and go carbonaceous acid. The carbonaceous acid will go through down through automatons and will be absorbed by the dirt in one case once more.A study of the signifier and building of A Tree for Anable BasinA new air extractor engineering presented by Klaus Lackner, a professor of Geophysicss at Columbia s Earth Institute, offers something no another(prenominal) C gaining control engineering on the pulling board has. Unlike stately C gaining control and storage ( besides known as geosequestration ) , which absorbs C02 on-site ( i.e. the flush watercourse of emanations from power workss ) , air extractors absorb C dioxide from any location on the planet. This means that CO2 emanations can be captured from about all large-emitting sources-from stationary mills and power workss to autos and planes in gesture. These man-made trees can thrive in any location.man-made treesA computer-generated im age of Lackner s man-made trees. Man-made trees do nt precisely look like your mean tree with green foliages and roots. Although the design is non finalized, Lackner predicts that the twisting would look more like a station with Venetian dodges st toyg across it a boxlike extractor raised about 1,000 pess tall, adorned with sustain lined with liquid Na hydrated oxide ( normally known as lye ) . When exposed, Na hydrated oxide ( lye ) is an absorbent of CO2. So, as air flows through the Venetian blind foliages of the tree , the Na hydrated oxide will adhere the CO2, sifting out cleansing agent, about 70-90 % less CO2 concentrated air on the other side. Lackner estimates that an country of Na hydrated oxide about the size of a big Television screen ( a 20 inch diagonal ) and a chiliad in deepness could absorb 20 dozenss of CO2 a twelvemonth. Paired with a windmill, a carbon-capture tree could bring forth about 3 megawatts of power.IS IT practicable? ? ?The chemical procedure of utilizing Ca or Na hydrated oxide to absorb CO2 has been known for old ages but the inquiry of whether it can be done in an low- personify energy efficient mode has non yet been to the full answered. Constructing and raising the aggregator device is merely 20 % of the cost the balance of the cost involves prising the CO2 loose from the absorbent and hive awaying it- an energy intensive procedure. The dorsum of the envelope computation of entire cost supposes 3000 to 5000 rupees per ton captured, which is big as compared to the 1000-2000 rupees per ton on cost that advocates of a C revenue enhancement or cap-and-trade strategy believe will stabilise atmospheric emanations of CO2. It may look like excessively immerse a cost to closely see, but Lackner believes it s deserving looking at things that start out even five times excessively expensive .DEVELOPING CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE ( CCS ) carbon-capture-and-storage1Despite common concern that CCS, and therefore air gaining con trol excessively, will deter our nightclub from traveling to clean energy options.Fossil fuels are non running out anytime shortly, and if we were to turn all of them into C dioxide, we ll hold a clime calamity. We may run out of oil and gas you can be disbelieving of that. But we wo nt run out of coal. We either abandon dodo fuels instantly within the following 50 old ages or figure out a manner to make CCS. As we head toward 450, 550, even 750ppm this century, environmental leaders are acquiring serious about C gaining control and storage. A 2005 IPCC study concluded that C gaining control and storage has the possible to cut down overall extenuation costs and increase flexibleness in cut downing nursery gases .Existing C gaining control engineering can cut down CO2 emanations from coal-burning or natural-gas power workss by 80 to 90 per centum, estimates the IPCC.energy efficiency and some renewables are cheaper now, but if the clime begins to tip out of control, so C gainin g control and storage can supply a planet-saving insurance policy.BASIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH ROBOT TREEThe reaction of Na hydrated oxide with C dioxide ( as carbonaceous acid ) occurs basically in two stairss, foremost a reaction from carbonaceous acid to bicarbonate and so to carbonate. This is a simple acid-base reaction. CO2 is an vinegarish anhydrite and NaOH is a base. So reaction gives the salt Na2CO3 and H2Oanother possible merchandise is the salt Na2CO3 that is produced if a 12 ratio of CO2 and NaOH is used. A little per centum of wet nowadays in the absorptive stuff, ( about 3 % ) is of import. CO2 reacts with this wet to trick out carbonaceous acid,CO2+H 2O- & gt H2CO3Which in bend reacts with the hydrated oxide to organize the salt of carbonaceous acid, or Na carbonate? The soaking up of C dioxide is expressed as follows The merchandises of reaction are sodium carbonate and H2O.H2CO3 + NaOH & gt NaHCO3 + H2ONaHCO3 + NaOH & gt Na2CO3 + H2ODECARBITEDECARBITEA is a n concentrate merchandise. This merchandise is sodium hydroxide carried on a silica base. The natural affinity of Na hydrated oxide to acid gasses makes it a desirable stuff to enforce in the soaking up of the acid gas C dioxide. The Na hydrated oxide content in DECARBITEA is high, about 90 % , and histories for the aggressive merchandise unexclusive presentation and exceeding capacity for soaking up of C dioxide.The Na hydrated oxide content in DECARBITEA is high, about 90 % , and histories for the aggressive merchandise common presentation and exceeding capacity for soaking up of C dioxide.The universally recognized Carbon Dioxide absorbent, DECARBITEA is a consumable chemical absorbent. It is a specially hypothesize mixture of Sodium Hydroxide on to an inert silicon oxide bearer supplying a surface country particularly suited for the rapid, high ordinary presentation and entire soaking up of CO2 on contact.EfficiencyFor the rapid or high public presentation quantative soaki ng up of CO2 in the ppm scopeDECARBITE is colour indicating, altering from light-green brown to white upon C dioxide impregnation. The soaking up of C dioxide remotion or any acerb gas utilizing DECARBITE is a chemical reaction, non a physical one. Carbon dioxide reacts with the Na hydrated oxide based absorbent and undergoes a nail down chemical alteration. This alteration is permanent therefore the absorbent can non be regenerated for reuse. This alteration is clearly perceptible and indicates when exhausted stuff is to be discarded.Occasionally, a status known as channeling can happen when the gas flow finds holes or countries of least opposition and a channel is formed. The gas flow follows these channels through the absorbent get the better ofing the intent of scouring out the C dioxide. DECARBITE eliminates this job in several ways the silicon oxide binding to the Na hydrated oxide keeps the atoms from adhering in the presence of wet which is formed as a by-product of the soaking up reaction. It besides aids in forestalling the absorbent to blend into a solid big bucks barricading gas flow and doing back force per unit area across the soaking up bed.The association reaction of NaOH with CO2 is at least 40 times faster than NaOH + HCl at all heights below the Na bed. Na species will non impact stratospheric ClOx and O3 chemical science. The transition of C dioxide to bicarbonate is complete at pH 8.3.Phenolphthalein can be used as a colour index for the titration.DecisionEnergy is truly a topographic point where more engineering is perfectly necessary. About one and half a lakh automaton trees are adequate for sublimating C dioxide in the air for one twelvemonth, about. one automaton tree is said to hold the capacity to absorb 90,000 dozenss of C dioxide every twelvemonth. It is the sum of C dioxide released by 15,000 autos in one twelvemonth. But robot trees will non assist to convey rain. It will protect the Earth from planetary heating.Cost ( ap p )10 pess robot tree-50,00200 pess robot tree-5 hundred thousand.The cost of the automaton tree may be high, but the cost of non holding outstanding engineering for planetary heating may be even higher. There are nt that many big denture beginnings of energy could be tapped at the graduated table the universe needs them. Hydro will neer be adequate, and neither will weave. Solar, atomic, and dodo could be adequate, but they all have defects. If we do nt put large stakes on all three, we could happen ourselves with none of them working, and we ll hold energy crisis of unprecedented proportions. We have studied in history that the male monarchs of olden yearss had planted trees on both sides of the route. In the same manner we hope that all the roads will hold robot trees on both sides to forestall planetary heating and salvage the Earth. It is said that one automaton tree is equal to 1000 natural trees. appliance automaton treesPrevent planetary heating,And therefore,Salvage the E arth

Pest Analysis Essay

The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century sire given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework. STEER analysis systematically considers Socio-cultural, technical, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors. Contents * 1 History * 2 Overview * 3 References * 4 External links History According to the site RapidBI The term PEST was originally called the ETPS and was quoted in Aguilar, Francis (1967). Scanning the chore Environment.New York Macmillan.. , who discusses ETPS a mnemonic for the four sectors of what he calls his taxonomy of the business environment Economic, Technical, Political, and Social. Sometime after this initial publication, Arnold Brown for the Institute of Life Insurance reorganize it as STEP as a way to organise the results of his environmental scanning. Over time by academics and others in business it was modified yet again to become a so-calle d STEPE analysis (the Social, Technical, Economic, Political, and Ecological taxonomies).In the 1980s, several other authors including Fahey, Narayanan, Morrison, Renfro, Boucher, Mecca and Porter included variations of the taxonomy classifications in a variety of orders Due to the banish connotations of PEST, a STEP analysis (re-ordering of the acronym letters) also exists, but is used to a lesser extent. Some academics claim that STEP or PEST still keep headings which are appropriate for all situations and do not require additional elements, other claim that the additional breakdown of some factors to help individuals and teams undertaking an environmental scan.Political factors include areas such as tax policy, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and tariffs and political stability. * Economic factors are economic growth, interest place, exchange rates and inflation rate. Social factors often look at the cultural aspects and include health consciousn ess, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. * Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects and can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Technological factors look at elements such as R&D activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change.The pestfactors combined with external microenvironmental factors can be classified as opportunities and threats in a pulverisation analysis. PEST/PESTLE alongside SWOT and SLEPT can be used as a basis for the analysis of business and environmental factors. 2 References Aguilar, Francis (2006). Scanning the barter Environment. New York Macmillan..

“A Good Man Is Hard to Find” Analysis: Six White Columns Essay

A Good Man is Hard to Find is a southern stories in several ways. Most of the old southern values are embodied through the grandmother. As the family loads into the car to drive to Florida, the grandmother is described as wearing white cotton gloves, a navy unconsecrated straw sailor hat with white violets on the brim. She also dons a white-dotted navy blue dress with white organdy cuffs and collar trimmed with lace. She had pinned a cloth violets containing a sacheta scented bagto her collar. She is the only one dressed up, her principle being In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady. Dress was an integral part of house distinction in the Old South, and the grandmother clearly thinks things should still be that way.The grandmother also displays one attitude towards blacks when she describes a young black small fry she sees as they drive. She explains to June Star that he doesnt have britches because he is poor and simpl y not white, understanding, they dont have things like we do. She goes on to say she would paint him if she could, treating him as an object rather than a human child. Slavery and racial discrimination was characteristic of the Old South.The family also stops for barbeque at The Tower. It may not seem southern, but I can say from experience that BBQ is a part of southern culture. I once drove from atomic number 31 to Florida with my own family and along the way saw many barbeque places. And they were deliciousSouthern culture is also brought up when the grandmother recalls the old plantation. She paints a supply of what I always envision when I think of one, with six white columns and an avenue of oaks leading up to it.Finally, religion was an important part of southern culture. though it doesnt say of which religion the grandmother belongs to, she brings up religion during her confrontation with The Misfit. She plays it off that she is devout, but all throughout the story she con tradicted those strong morals that stick with with religion.

History of Life Insurance Essay

From the earliest days, Man has organized himself to control three main hazards, which confronted him, and still do. These hazards are decease TOO SOON LIVING TOO LONG BECOMING DISABLED intent story policy originated and developed to reduce the impact of these hazards by grouping together with others and thus sharing the risk. The story of the origin of life damages policy is very inspiring. The idea of guarding against risk is almost as old as mankind. We know that Joseph recommended storing corpuscle during seven fat years in Egypt against the impending seven lean years.Centuries ago in England, little groups banded together into guilds and societies. Members of these guilds and societies by cedeing down(p) sums were assured that a certain measure of relief would be given to their families if the breadwinner were taken away. In 1705, The Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assistance billet was founded and it became Englands first successful Life Insurance Company. One of t he first records of life insurance was in Rome. The groups called Fratres (burial clubs) came together. These were set up by the poor to pay for the funerals of the members and to help the surviving family members financially.The middle ages had guilds for the various types of highly skilled labor. There are accounts that show that these guilds helped their members with various types of insurance including life insurance and disability insurance. Life insurance came into its own in England in the late1600s and became popular from that time on. During this time period Lloyds of London was growing. Lloyds whose name came from Lloyds deep brown House where insurance was transacted by ship-owners with the underwriters (backers) who met to put together insurance contracts and other shipping and merchant related business.Some commonwealth think of insurance as gambling. It really isnt gambling even though it has the similarities of probability and odds. Insurance serves a public good o f sharing the financial risks of existence and life and demolition among many to serve those who piss experienced a loss. The first life insurance order in the United States started in 1735. This company was started for the benefit of Presbyterian ministers families. The plebeian life insurance companies originally dominated the life insurance.These are life insurance companies that are owned by the policyholders and thus those policy-owners receive their pro-rata share of the companys profits. There are also stock life insurance companies where the profits are made for the benefit of the stockholders. Similar to the mutual life insurance companies are fraternal life insurance companies, which were started by the various fraternal orders to assist their members. Today the insurance business has evolved to a multi-faceted business with various programs and numerous distribution methods.The internet and the insurance industry is in its infancy with most insurance companies having a web site and now with web sites able to do life insurance. There are choices today that differ greatly from the choices of even a few years ago. The Internet has made information on life insurance accessible just as any subject. But you still need the right knowledge. That may come from a qualified insurance federal agent who knows their business or from a great life insurance or disability insurance web site that provides great information for you to study.Life Insurance as we know today, developed from these small beginnings into a gigantic industry, which gives people the security they need to maintain financial wiseness, morale, and faith. Through war, inflation, deflation, depression, boom, panic, epidemic, and all kinds of catastrophes, life insurance gives the individual the solid financial footing needed to forge ahead as it is based on sound and scientific principles. Any other financial institution cannot approach its record of service.At the times when Banks failed by the hundreds and the investment companies went under, the Life Insurance Companies paid their dues in full and survived the turmoil. Life Insurance Companies have maintained an enviable record in the face of almost every conceivable trial. Life Insurance is truly INCOME INSURANCE a new writer of income replacing the earning power of the breadwinner if unfortunately he is taken away. It is in a sense, TIME, because it is money a person did not have time to accumulate an domain that will complete the plans there was not time to finish.Life Insurance is sold not because someone may die, but because someone must live. If people die, the contracts, which the life insurance agent has sold, are LIFE for the survivors. If people live, the contracts are life for their old age. While people live, their contracts assure effective thrift and appeal of funds and reserves for emergencies and for opportunities. It is an unsurpassed vehicle of savings protection and growth, which has stood the test of time and given people the security they need to maintain financial soundness and peace of mind.

My Aim in Life

There argon two things to acquire at in life first, to nark what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of bitkind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People bugger off set their own presence depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, undertake Ac opineants, pilots, teachers and many to a greater extent. Our life is similarly short so we have to strive to attain our use up with all our voiceless bat. The main(prenominal) objective for achieving the aim is to build up material pleasures, mental happiness as well(p) as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of ai ming at something big, makes you big. brown coal Nehru My aim in life is neither to collect property nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do non retributive want to be an ordinary doctor. The world mobilizes with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world go forth remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the servicemanity. Dont aim for mastery if you want it just do what you erotic love and believe in, and it will come insep productively.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would want to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still distress from. An aim in life is the simply fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very self-respectful and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations most this essay. Future favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short entirely in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of art is to catch up with not the outward appearance of things, barely their inward significance. Aristotle. innovation above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something.My Aim in careerThere are two things to aim at in life first, to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People have set their own aim depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, Charter Accountants, pilots, teachers and many more. Our life is too short so we have to strive to attain our aim with all our hard work. The main objective for achieving the aim is to get material pleasures, mental happiness as well as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of aiming at something big, makes you big. Charcoal Nehru My aim in life is neit her to collect money nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the humanity. Dont aim for success if you want it just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still suffering from. An aim in life is the alone fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very dignified and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations About this essay. Futu re favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. Aristotle. Aim above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something.My Aim in Life term IN PRESS Microbiological Research 161 ( two hundred6) 93101 www. elsevier. de/micres Changes in microbial and dry land properties following amendment with toughened and un interact chromatic mill sewer irrigate Ali Mekki, Abdelha? dh Dhouib, Sami SayadiA Laboratoire des Bioprocedes,Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, BP K 3038 Sfax, Tunisie ? ? Received 8 June 2005 accepted 15 June 2005 KEYWORDS Microbial community Olive mill effluent Polycarbolic acids earth respi ration Summary We investigated the violence of un tough and biologically treated chromatic mill wastewater (OMW) spreading on the demesne characteristics and the microbial communities.The water holding capacity, the salinity and the content of tally organic fertiliser carbon, humus, total nitrogen, phosphate and potassium deviate magnitude when the spread amounts of the treated or untreated OMW change magnitude. The OMW treated territory exhibited signi? cantly higher respiration compared to the control fault. However, the C-CO2/Ctot ratio decreased from 1. 7 in the control reason to 0. 5 in the tarnish revise with snow m3 haA1 of untreated OMW. However, it slightly decreased to 1. 15 in the dent revise with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW.The treated OMW change magnitude the total mesophylic derive dapple the number of kingdom Fungi and nitri? ers decreased. Actinomycetes and spore-forming bacteria were neither sensitive to treated nor to untreated OMW. The total coliforms increased with higher back breakers of treated and untreated OMW. A harmful put up of the untreated OMW appeared from 100 m3 haA1. This toxicity was more signi? cant with 200 m3 haA1, where micro? ora of total mesophilic, yeasts and moulds, actinomycetes, and nitri? ers were seriously inhibited except for total coliforms and spore-forming bacteria. & 2005 Elsevier GmbH.all(a) rights reserved. Introduction The olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a critical problem, especially in the Mediterranean area, where the olive gloss is widespread and huge amounts of this ef? uent 30 millions m3 yA1 worldACorresponding author. Tel. /fax +216 74 440 452. wide and 500 000 m3 yA1 in Tunisia alone, are annually produced (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995 Casa et al. , 2003). This waste contains an enormous sum up of organic weigh, depend upon between 40 and 210 g dmA3 and BOD5 between 10 and 150 g dmA3 (Feria, 2000). Some characteristics of this materialE-mail address sami. emailprotected rnrt. tn (S. S ayadi). 0944-5013/$ see front matter & 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. doi10. 1016/j. micres. 2005. 06. 001 ARTICLE IN PRESS 94 are favourable for agriculture since this ef? uent is rich in organic matter, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and atomic number 12 (Mg). The organic fraction of this wastewater includes sugars, tannins, poly phenols, poly alcohols, pectins, lipids, and proteins (Mulinacci et al. , 2001 LesageMeessen et al. , 2001). For these reasons, increasing attention has been given to ? d the best methods to spread OMW on agricultural lands and to recycle both the organic matter and the nutritive elements in the territory crop system. Moreover, agricultural irrigation with wastewater ef? uents became a common practice in arid and semiarid regions, where it was used as a readily available and inexpensive option to fresh water (Angelakis et al. , 1999 Oved et al. , 2001). Fresh OMW was used as a fertilizer in the horticulture and in the olive culti vation (Cox et al. , 1997 Ben Rouina et al. , 1999 Ammar and Ben Rouina, 1999 Cereti et al. , 2004).However, biodegradation of this waste in the nature is dif? cult because it contains a strong antibacterial effect exerted, by various phenolic compounds (Yesilada et al. , 1999 Sayadi et al. , 2000 Rinaldi et al. , 2003). Before its employ in the irrigation, OMW was treated by several processes such as aerobic treatment, anaerobic digestion and composting process (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1992, 1995 Ehaliotis et al. , 1999 Paredes et al. , 2000 Kissi et al. , 2001 Marques, 2001 Casa et al. , 2003 DAnnibale et al. , 2004). Some Mediterranean countries established laws about soil capability to delay theOMW application, particularly in Italy ( justness N1 574, 1996). The maximum amount of OMW tolerated in the ? elds is 80 and 50 m3 haA1 for OMW obtained by centrifuge and pressure extraction techniques, respectively (Law N1 574, 1996). The addition of such compounds whitethorn cause signi? cant shifts in the structure and the function of the microbial community, which in turn may in? uence the viability of the soil for agriculture. The effect of the OMW on the physical and chemical substance characteristics of the soil are well documented (Cabrera et al. , 1996 Cox et al. 1997 Sierra et al. , 2001 Zenjari and Nejmeddine, 2001 Rinaldi et al. , 2003). However, these studies did not deal with the effect of this waste on the microbial community of the soil (Moreno et al. , 1987 Paredes et al. , 1987 Kotsou et al. , 2004). An combine approach employ a pre-treatment of the OMW with the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium followed by an anaerobic digestion was developed in our laboratory in order to reuse the ef? uent in agriculture (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995). Thus, the aim of our work was to investigate A. Mekki et al. he effect of untreated and biologically treated OMW on the soil characteristics and on the microbial communities. Materials and methods OMW origin The fresh OMW was taken from a three-phase discontinuous extraction factory located in Sfax, Tunisia. Biological treatment of OMW The treated OMW was obtained with an integrated process based on aerobic fungal pre-treatment using P. chrysosporium DSMZ 6909 followed by a decantation step then anaerobic digestion (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995). The characteristics of the treated and untreated OMW are given in Table 1. Table 1.Chemical and physical properties of untreated and biological treated OMW Parameter pH (25 1C) Electric conductivity (25 1C) (dS mA1) Salinity (g lA1) Colour (absorbance 395 nm) UV absorbance 280 nm BOD5 (g lA1) COD (g lA1) Glucose (g lA1) Residual solids (g lA1) Total solids (%) Total volatiles (%) Total suspend solids (g lA1) Volatiles suspended solids (g lA1) Nitrogen (g lA1) Phosphorous (g lA1) Potassium (g lA1) o-di-phenols (g lA1) Total poly phenols (g lA1) Residual oils (g lA1) Toxicity by LUMIStox (% inhibition) Untreated OMW 5. 46 8. 7 5. 9 82 368 34. 117 12 26 11. 4 9. 3 8. 9 6. 5 1. 58 0. 84 5. 2 8. 395 9. 200 9. 2 100 Treated OMW 7. 6 11. 3 9. 7 44 38 4. 5 21. 9 ND ND 2. 5 1. 42 3. 5 2. 7 1. 72 1. 12 4. 4 1. 265 1. 578 Not detected 38 ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment 95 Study sites and sampling The study area consisted in a ? eld of olive trees located in Chaal at 60 Km to the South-West of ? Sfax, Tunisia, North latitude 341 30 , East longitude 101 200 . The mean annual rainfall is 200 mm (Ben Rouina et al. , 2001). The ? eld was divided in ? ve plots.Three experimental plots P1, P2, and P3 were annually amended in February with 50, 100, and 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW respectively (Ben Rouina, 1994). The plot P4, was annually amended with 400 m3 haA1 of the treated OMW. The ? fth plot, plot C, was not amended and served as control. Soil samples were collected from different parts of each plot from 0 to 10 cm deep, using a soil auger. All soil samples, taken from each plot were then mi xed, air-dried, sieved with a mesh size of 450 mm and stored at 4 1C prior to use. Water content was immediately determined before airdrying the sample. xtracted with 1 M resolution of ammonium acetate (pH 7) using a soil/solution ratio of 1/10 (w/ v). The suspension was analysed with an inductively coup guide plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, ARL 3580). Microtoxicity determination The microtoxicity test consisted in the inhibition of the bioluminescence of Vibrio ? scheri LCK480 using the LUMIStox system (Dr. Lange GmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany) and according to ISO 11348-2 (1998). Percentage inhibition of the bioluminescence was achieved by mixing 0. 5 ml of OMW and 0. 5 ml luminescent bacterial suspension.After 15 min word-painting at 15 1C, the decrease in light emission was measured. The toxicity of the OMW was expressed as the percent of the inhibition of bioluminescence (%IB) relative to a non-contaminated reference. A verifying control (7. 5% NaCl) was included f or each test. Physicochemical analyses Analysis of ortho-diphenols The ortho-diphenols concentration in the OMW was quanti? ed by means of Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method (Box, 1983) using caffeic paneling as measurement. The absorbance was determined at l ? 765 nm. Analysis of total polyphenols OMW was centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 20 min.The supernatant was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The collected organic fraction was dried and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was extracted two times with dichloromethane in order to remove the non-phenolic fraction (lipids, aliphatic, sugars). The liquid phase was discarded while the washed residue was weighed and analysed by gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectroscopy technique to con? rm the phenolic structure of the extracted compounds. COD was determined according to Knechtel (1978) measure method. BOD5 was determined by the manometric method with a respirometer (BSB-Controller Model 620 T (WTW)).Dry weight an d moisture content were determined by weighing samples before and after drying all-night at 105 1C. Organic matter was determined after furnacing samples at 550 1C for 4 h. Total carbon and nitrogen were determined by dry fire (TOC Analyser multi-N/C 1000). Ca, K, Na, and Mg analyses, the air-dried soil was Respirometric test Biological activity in the soil was achieved by measuring CO2 evolution in the aerobic condition ? (Ohlinger, 1995). The soil sample was humidi? ed to 50% of its water holding capacity and incubated at 30 1C in the dark. The CO2 evolved was trapped in an NaOH solution and titrated with HCl.Microbial estimation Ten grams of the soil sample was suspended in an erlenmeyer ? ask containing 90 ml of a sterile solution (0. 2% of atomic number 11 polyphosphate (NaPO3)n in distilled water, pH 7. 0) and 10 g of sterile glass beads (1. 5 mm diameter). The ? ask was shaken at 200 rpm for 2 h. Serial 10-fold dilutions of the samples in a 0. 85% NaCl solution were plated in triplicate on PCA at 30 1C for total bacterial counts, on Sabouraud containing chloramphenicol at 25 1C for yeasts and moulds, on DCL at 37 1C for total coliforms, and on soil extract agar at 30 1C for actinomycetes.Soil extract agar was prepared as follows 1 kg of soil was added to 1 l of distilled water and agitated energetically. Supernatant was ? ltered. Its pH was adjusted to 7 and sterilized at 121 1C for 20 min twice. A 200 ml of this extract and 20 g of Agar-agar were added to 800 ml of distilled water and sterilized at 121 1C for 20 min. Penicillin G, Cycloheximide, Ampicillin and Nistatin were dissolved in water and sterilized by ? ltration (0. 22 mm) and ARTICLE IN PRESS 96 were added at ? nal concentration of 1, 50, 10 and 50 mg lA1, respectively.For spore-forming bacteria counts, aliquots were het for 10 min at 80 1C before spreading on PCA and brooding at 37 1C. Ammonia and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were enumerated by the most likely number (MPN) procedure (Troll denier, 1995). Culture tubes supplemented either with ammonium or nitrite were inoculated with serially diluted soil suspension. After an extended incubation of 4 weeks at 28 1C, acidi? cation of the medium was recorded by taking colour change as an indication for growth of ammonium oxidizers and the absence of nitrite as an indication for growth of nitrite oxidizers.Subsequently, the MPN was cypher in accordance with the table of MPN values. The total nitri? ers count was the sum of the oxidizers of ammonium and of nitrite. Each soil sample was analysed in duplicate and the dilution series were plated in triplicate for each medium. All these counts were expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per gram of dried soil (24 h at 105 1C). The total nitri? ers count was expressed as MPN per gram of dried soil. A. Mekki et al. high content of phenolics (9. 2 g lA1). This toxicity was rock-bottom to 38%IB in treated OMW which contained only 1. 8 g lA1 of phenolics. The COD (21. 9 g lA1) o f treated OMW remained high and far exceeded the standard for direct discharge to a natural water body. Several costly steps are necessary if we want to reach the Tunisian standard (0. 09 g lA1). The treated OMW contained appreciable concentrations of N, P, and K. This ef? uent was free of pathogens, relatively not toxic and contained low concentrations of heavy metals. apart from COD, BOD5 and black colour, the quality of treated OMW was high and could be used for irrigation after ? eld tests.Analytical results of soils pro? les A darker soil colour was observed in the plots amended with OMW. After drying, the amended soils showed higher compactness and hardness. Soils were sampled and analysed in a particularly dry year in Tunisia. Only weak precipitations were recorded in February, may and November. The soil water content was very weak and it varied between 0. 8% and 1. 15% in the samples collected in September (Table 2). The pH increased to 9. 2 when P4 soil was amended with t reated OMW and slightly decreased to 7. 4 when P3 soil was amended with raw OMW.Table 2 shows also that salinity of the amended soil increased proportionally with quantity of treated or untreated OMW. The content of the nutrients as total carbon (Ctot), total nitrogen (Ntot), P, K, Mg and humus increased after spreading Results Characterisation of the ef? uents Untreated OMW totally inhibited V. ?scheri (Table 1). This toxicity was essentially due to its Table 2. Results of the air-dried soils characterization C 89. 82 7. 44 2. 74 1. 14 7. 9 69 0. 02 0. 001 0. 14 0. 25 0. 02 14. 70 0. 23 0. 0312 2. 001 4 8. 7 P1 ND ND ND Characteristics 9 8 Particle size Sand = distribution ? ? clay in control soil Silt Moisture content (%) pH (KCl) Salinity (mg kgA1) P (mg gA1) P (water soluble) (mg gA1) K (mg gA1) Mg (mg gA1) Na (mg gA1) Ca (mg gA1) Ntot (mg gA1) N-NH4 (mg gA1) Ctot (mg gA1) Humus (mg gA1) C/N P2 ND ND ND 1. 15 7. 6 336. 5 0. 08 0. 016 1. 60 0. 40 0. 03 16. 20 0. 95 0. 055 15. 504 31 16. 32 P3 ND ND ND 1. 07 7. 4 447. 5 0. 08 0. 12 1. 80 0. 37 0. 04 15. 80 0. 91 0. 089 16. 999 34 18. 68 P4 ND ND ND 0. 82 9. 2 473 0. 05 0. 027 2. 42 0. 33 0. 31 14. 70 0. 45 0. 088 4. 001 8 8. 89 1. 13 7. 9 240 0. 03 0. 003 1. 05 0. 35 0. 17 19. 80 0. 56 0. 044 8. 002 16 14. 29P1, P2, and P3 Soils amended with 50, 100, and 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW respectively P4 Soil amended with 400 m3 haA1 of the treated OMW. The plot C was not amended and served as control. ND not done. ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment the treated or untreated OMW. The C/N ratio remained constant in the soil amended with treated OMW while it increased proportionally in the soils amended with untreated OMW. phenolic compounds migrated in soil according to their molecular mass. Polyphenols were adsorbed in the soil upper layers while monomers migrated in reason.Indeed phenolic monomers were detected at 1. 2 m depth 1 year after irrigation with untreat ed OMW (data not shown). C-CO2 18 16 C-CO2 and Ctot (mg g-1) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Ctot C-CO2/Ctot 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 C-CO2/Ctot 1. 2 1 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 C P1 P2 Soil P3 P4 97 Soil respiration A respirometric test was achieved on soils sampled in September. CO2 production increased with OMW amendment (Fig. 1). For the treated OMW, a more pronounced CO2 production rate was shown since the ? rst week of incubation. However, for the untreated OMW, the start-up of the CO2 production was delayed to the 3rd week of respiration.The speci? c respiration rate expressed as the ratio of C-CO2/Ctot for the different soil samples is shown in Fig. 2. The amendment of the soil with 200 m3 haA1 increased the carbon content to 17 mg gA1 while the speci? c respiration remained very low. However, the amendment with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW did not much refer the speci? c respiration of the soil. 0 Figure 2. Speci? c respiration C-CO2/Ctot, cumulative CCO2, and total carbon Ctot of the soil samples studi ed. shown). An increase in the total micro? ora count was observed in P1, P2 and P4 in all dates of sampling (Table 3).However, at 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW, the total bacterial counts remained much higher compared to the control soil, but dishonor compared to the other doses of OMW. Effect on soil microbiology Viable mesophilic micro? ora Generally, the total micro? ora increased with the soil humidity. OMW enhanced the water holding capacity of the soil. The soil water content increased when the OMW dose increased (data not 12 Viable yeasts and moulds micro? ora In comparison with the control soil, an overall high CFU of fungi in the soil amended with untreated OMW was found (Table 4).In all dates of sampling, the fungal CFU number decreased when OMW increased but remained much higher than the control soil except for biologically treated OMW which had a lower CFU than the control. We noted that the pH of OMW leaving the anaerobic reactor ranged between 7. 6 and 8. This pH incr eased to 8. 7 during its storage at ambient temperature. After amendment with treated OMW, the pH of the soil increased to 9. 2. Such pH value is considered as detrimental for the fungal growth. C P1 P2 P3 P4 mg C-CO 2 g -1 (dry soil) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Viable total nitri? rs Soils C, P1 and P2 showed broadly comparable nitri? er MPN numbers. However, a decrease in viable nitri? ers count was observed in P3. This decrease was more signi? cant in P4 (Table 5). Time (d) Figure 1. Cumulative respiratory activity as mg CO2 gA1 dry soil of different samples incubated over 28 days at 28 1C in the dark. Viable actinomycetes The actinomycetes CFU number increased when OMW doses increased up to the dose of 100 m3 haA1. At 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW, the CFU number remained higher than C and P1 (50 m3 haA1). However, it was lower than P2 (100 m3 haA1) (Table 6).ARTICLE IN PRESS 98 Table 3. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria counts CFU ( A 104) gA1 in the different plots Feb C P1 P2 P3 P4 3472 8574. 95 12177. 11 6673. 9 9075. 3 May 6974. 05 7774. 52 8975. 32 7274. 23 10175. 93 Jun 24. 571. 44 45. 572. 67 57. 573. 38 5773. 35 7974. 64 Sep 1570. 88 48. 572. 85 65. 573. 85 43. 572. 55 6073. 52 Nov 21. 571. 26 8374. 88 16179. 46 9275. 4 15879. 29 A. Mekki et al. Data expressed as mean value (three replicates) and standard deviation for colony forming units per gram of dried soil. Table 4. Fungi counts in the different plots CFU ( A 104) gA1 Feb May 370. 5 11. 573. 64 571. 58 4. 671. 45 1. 8570. 58 Jun 370. 95 1775. 38 1574. 75 1173. 48 2. 8570. 9 Sep 1. 370. 41 15. 574. 9 1073. 17 4. 171. 29 1. 7470. 55 Nov 2. 770. 85 14. 774. 65 13. 574. 27 11. 273. 55 1. 3570. 42 C P1 P2 P3 P4 3. 571. 11 1073. 17 5. 571. 74 7. 572. 37 1. 8270. 57 Table 5. Nitri? ers counts MPN (x104) gA1 in the different plots Feb May 4. 770. 62 4. 570. 59 4. 270. 55 2. 870. 37 0. 4870. 063 Jun 3. 270. 42 3. 470. 45 2. 670. 34 1. 770. 22 0. 5170. 07 Sep 2. 870. 37 2. 470. 31 2. 470. 31 1. 170. 1 4 0. 0770. 009 Nov 3. 870. 5 3. 170. 41 2. 870. 37 1. 170. 14 0. 70. 11 C P1 P2 P3 P4 3. 670. 47 2. 670. 34 270. 26 1. 970. 25 0. 4670. 06 Table 6. Actinomycetes counts CFU ( A 104) gA1 in the different plots Feb May 2. 170. 28 14. 571. 93 18. 572. 46 1872. 39 17. 572. 33 Jun 270. 26 871. 06 15. 572. 06 1271. 59 15. 672. 07 Sep 270. 26 1071. 33 10. 571. 39 5. 570. 73 12. 2971. 63 Nov 3. 570. 46 12. 871. 7 17. 272. 29 14. 771. 95 15. 772. 09 C P1 P2 P3 P4 0. 670. 08 770. 93 1171. 46 570. 66 13. 2971. 77 Viable spore-forming bacteria and total coliforms The spore-forming bacteria increased with the increase of OMW doses (data not shown).For P4 soil, it shifted from the CFU gA1 number ranging from 0. 28 to 1. 12 A 104 in the control soil to CFU gA1 number ranging from 1. 1 to 2. 12 A 104 in P4 amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. Total coliforms are well known as contaminant index bacteria in wastewater and soil. The number of the total coliforms was very low in the control soil. It increased when the treated or untreated OMW quantity increased (data not shown). Discussion This study attempted to demonstrate that soil amended with different concentrations of OMW showed modi? ation of its structure and its texture. The acidity of the untreated OMW was compensated by the soil carbonate alkalinity. The carbonates at the same time became bicarbonates, moved and accumulated in deeper horizons as was shown by Sierra et al. (2001). The increase of the salinity in the soil could result from the main ionic species, sodium chloride and sulphate, coming from the treated or untreated OMW. This is in line with previous ? nding ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment (Paredes et al. , 1987 Sierra et al. 2001). Hence, in long applications, replacement of the soil calcium by the cations of Na, K and Mg could lead to the degradation of the soil structure and the shaping of saline soils as was suggested earlier by Zenjari and Nejmeddine (2001). Biologically treated OMW had a pH48, and the alkalinity of this waste was not regulated (buffered) by the soil components. Soil porosity was reduced by the combined effect of the suspended solids and the COD formed by highly polymerised polyphenolic compounds such as humic acid-like substances (Cox et al. 1997). Consequently, soil plugged and became impermeable which led to a reduction of the soil aerobic community such as fungi and actinomycetes. This ? nding con? rms the reported correlation between the soil pH and the ( change in community composition (Frostegard et al. , 1993 Perkiomaki and Fritze, 2002). ? ? The increase of nutrient contents, Ctot, Ntot, P Mg , and K at all OMW treated plots, may have a bene? cial effect on the soil fertility. The OMW treated soil exhibited a higher respiration rate compared to the control soil.Nevertheless, when taking into account the added organic carbon, this activity was not in proportional ratio. Speci? c respiration expressed as C-CO2/Ctot decreased from 1. 7 in the control soil to 0. 5 in the soil amended with 100 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW. Yet, it slightly decreased to 1. 15 in the soil amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. This can be explained by the fact that the phenolic compounds may inhibit the soil respiration, especially in the high OMW doses, and thus neutralize the favourable in? uence of its higher nutrient contents as was demonstrated by Sierra et al. 2001), Cox et al. (1997), Cabrera et al. (1996), and Paredes et al. (1987). In simple terms, the inhibition of soil respiration could be caused by the fact that the big amount of carbon added to the soil was unobtainable to the micro? ora under the effect of its strong adsorption or its reaction with the components of the soil. This disproportion could not be due to the added season because despite the high content of salt in P4 (473 mg kgA1) compared to that in P3 (447. 5 mg kgA1), the former had a nearer speci? c respiration rate to the co ntrol plot C which contained only (69 mg kgA1).Addition of the untreated or the biologically treated OMW to the soil created some modi? cations in the average values for total number of microorganisms and their repartition. Results showed an initial increase in the numbers of CFU in most micro? ora groups after the OMW amendment, excepted for nitri? ers which decreased. In line with this ? nding, Paredes et al. (1987) reported also an increase in the total viable counts in the soil polluted with OMW. The overall low CFU number 99 observed in the P3 soil could be explained by the OMW dose becoming high and toxic (Capasso et al. 1995). The chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are responsible for the ? rst ratelimiting step in nitri? cation in which ammonia (NH3) is transformed to nitrate (NOA) via nitrite 3 (NOA). The AOB play a critical role in the natural 2 nitrogen cycle (Oved et al. , 2001 Mendum and Hirsch, 2002). This micro? ora could be affected by a variety of ch emical conditions including aromatic compounds and salts. Indeed, the number of nitri? ers shifted from the CFU gA1 number ranging from 2. 8 to 4. 7 A 104 in the control soil to CFU gA1 number ranging from 0. 46 to 0. A 104 in P4 amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. Some authors reported that higher pH is not favourable for some phylogenetic groups of nitrifying bacteria (Kowalchuk et al. , 2000). Moreover, some residual polyphenolic compounds present in treated OMW may be toxic for this sensitive social class of microorganisms (Peredes et al. , 1987). Actinomycetes and spore-forming bacteria play a signi? cant role in the organic matter cycle in nature, by virtue of their considerable powers and ability to classify down complex organic molecules. Actinomycetes counts were strongly enhanced by treated and untreated OMW amendment.The introduction of organic pollutants, which can potentially act as toxic substances and nutrient sources, was shown to preferentially stimulate spec i? c populations (Atlas et al. , 1991). The increase of the CFU count of spore-forming bacteria were in accordance with the earlier investigations of Paredes et al. (1987) who reported an increase in spore-forming bacteria counts but a decrease in the proportion of this population in the community from 10% to 12% in the control soil to 0. 02% in the polluted soil with OMW. Fungi populations are known by their considerable depolymerising enzymes and their resistance to recalcitrant substances.The OMW enhanced fungi, the most important organisms decomposing lignin and polyphenols (Scheu and Parkinson, 1994 Borken et al. , 2002). Consequently, this population was favoured in plots P1, P2 and P3 where pH and C/N ratio were also more favourable compared to the control. This observation con? rms previous ? ndings by Perkiomaki and Fritze (2002) and Joergensen et al. (1995). ? Conclusion Based on previous studies and our results, we suggest that the effect of the long-term use of OMW in th e ferti-irrigation on the soil microbial commu- ARTICLE IN PRESS 00 nity, the soil fertility and the soil physico-chemical properties remain unclear. Yet, speci? c attention essential be devoted to the irrigation potential of treated OMW with explicit reference to the major crops of agricultural interest. The following guidelines should be adhered to the OMW spreading on soil A. Mekki et al. Box, J. D. , 1983. Investigation of the Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent for the determination of polyphenolic substances in natural waters. Water Res. 17, 511522. Cabrera, F. , Lopez, R. , Martinez-Bordiu, A. , Dupuy de Lome, E. , Murillo, J. M. , 1996.Land treatment of olive oil mill wastewater. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 38 (3-4), 215225. Capasso, R. , Evidenti, A. , Schivo, L. , Orru, G. , Marcialis, M. A. , Cristinzio, G. , 1995. Antibacterial polyphenols from olive oil mill waste waters. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 79, 393398. Casa, R. , DAnnibale, A. , Pieruccetti, F. , Stazi, S. R. , Giovanno zzi Sermanni, G. G. , Lo Cascio, B. , 2003. Reduction of the phenolic components in olive-mill wastewater by enzymatic treatment and its impact on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. ) germinability. Chemosphere 50, 959966. Cereti, C. F. , Rossini, F. Federici, F. , Quaratino, D. , Vassilev, N. , Fenice, M. , 2004. Reuse of microbially treated olive mill wastewater as fertiliser for wheat (Triticum durum Desf. ). Bioresource Technol. 91, 135140. Cox, L. , Celis, R. , Hermosin, M. C. , Beker, A. , Cornejo, J. , 1997. Porosity and herbicide leaching in soils amended with olive-mill wastewater. Agri. Ecosyst. Environ. 65 (2), 151161. DAnnibale, A. , Casa, R. , Pieruccetti, F. , Ricci, M. , Marabottini, R. , 2004. Lentinula edodes removes phenols from olive-mill wastewater impact on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. ) germinability.Chemosphere 54, 887894. Ehaliotis, C. , Papadopoulou, K. , Kotsou, M. , Mari, I. , Balis, C. , 1999. Adaptation and population dynamics of Azotobacter vinelan dii during aerobic biological treatment of olive-mill wastewater. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 30, 301311. Feria, A. L. , 2000. The generated situation by the O. M. W. in Andalusia. Actas/Proceedings-Workshop Improlive2000-Annex A1. ( ( (( Frostegard, A. , Baath, E. , Tunlid, A. , 1993. Shifts in the structure of soil microbial communities in limed forests as revealed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25, 723730. ISO 11348-2, 1998.Water quality Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio ? scheri (Luminescent bacteria test) Part 2 Method using liquid-dried bacteria Joergensen, R. G. , Anderson, T. H. , Wolters, V. , 1995. Carbon and nitrogen relationship in the microbial biomass of soils in beech Fagus sylvatica L. forest. Biol. Fert. Soils 19, 141147. Kissi, M. , Mountadar, M. , Assobhei, O. , Gargiulo, E. , 2001. Roles of two white-rot basidiomycete fungi in decolorisation and detoxi? cation of olive mill waste water. A ppl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57, 221226. Knechtel, R. J. 1978. A more economical method for the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Water Pollut. Control (May/June), 2529. Kotsou, M. , Mari, I. , Lasaridi, K. , Chatzipavlidis, I. , Balis, C. , Kyriacou, A. , 2004. The effect of olive oil mill do not exceed 50 m3 haA1 yA1 of untreated OMW and to decrease the dose of treated OMW up to 100 m3 haA1 yA1 to avoid the increase of the soil salinity. integrate a polishing tertiary treatment of OMW for reducing the residual coloration and toxicity of the ef? uent. frequently till and avoid dry soil conditions to maintain a maximal activity of the soil micro? ra. Acknowledgments This work was supported by Inco-med foresee Mediterranean usage of biotechnological treated ef? uent water ICA3-CT-1999-00010. The authors would like to thank Institut de lOlivier de Sfax and Dr Bechir Ben Rouina for their permission to use the experimental plant of OMW amendment at Chaal farm. ? References Amm ar, E. , Ben Rouina, B. , 1999. Potential horticultural utilization of olive oil processing waste water. Acta Horticult. 474 (2), 741744. Angelakis, A. N. , Marecos Do Monte, M. H. F. , Bontoux, L. , Asano, T. , 1999.The status of wastewater reuse practice in the Mediterranean basin need for guidelines. Water Res. 33 (10), 22012217. Atlas, R. M. , Horowitz, A. , Krichevsky, M. , Bej, A. K. , 1991. Response of microbial populations to environmental disturbances. Microb. Ecol. 22, 249256. Ben Rouina, B. , 1994. Repercussions agronomiques de ? lepandage des margines comme fertilisant. Interna? tional conference on Land and Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean Region II, 583594. Ben Rouina, B. , Taamallah, H. , Ammar, E. , 1999. Vegetation water used as a fertilizer on young olive plants. Acta Horticult. 74 (1), 353355. Ben Rouina, B. , Gargouri, K. , Taamallah, H. , 2001. Lutilisation des margines comme fertilisant en agriculture. Journees Mediterraneennes de loliviers. ? ? ? Nimes, France 67 & 8 Avril. Borken, W. , Muhs, A. , Beese, F. , 2002. Changes in microbial and soil properties following compost treatment of degraded temperate forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 403412. ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment wastewater (OMW) on soil microbial communities and suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia solani. Appl. Soil Ecol. 26, 113121. Kowalchuk, G. A. Stienstra, A. W. , Heilig, G. H. , Stephen, J. R. , Woldendorp, J. W. , 2000. Molecular analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil of successional grasslands of the Drentsche A (The Netherlands). FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31, 207215. Law N1 574, 1996 (Legge 574, 11/11/1996). Norme sullutilizzazione agronomica dei re? ui oleari. Gazzetta Uf? ciale N. 265 del 12 novembre, 1996. Lesage-Meessen, L. , Navarro, D. , Maunier, S. , Sigoillot, JC. , Lorquin, J. , Delattre, M. , Simon, J. -L. , Asther, M. , Labat, M. , 2001. Simple phenolic content in olive oil residues as a function of extraction systems.Food Chem. 75 (4), 501507. Marques, I. P. , 2001. Anaerobic digestion treatment of olive mill wastewater for ef? uent re-use in irrigation. Desalination 137, 233239. Mendum, T. A. , Hirsch, P. R. , 2002. Changes in the population structure of b-group autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria in arable soils in response to agricultural practice. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 14791485. Moreno, E. , Perez, J. , Ramos-Cormenzana, A. , Martinez, J. , 1987. Antimicrobial effect of waste water from olive oil extraction plants selecting soil bacteria after incubation with diluted waste.Microbios 51, 169174. Mulinacci, N. , Romani, A. , Galardi, C. , Pinelli, P. , Giaccherini, C. , Vincieri, F. F. , 2001. Polyphenolic content in olive oil waste waters and related olive samples. J. Agri. Food Chem. 49, 3583514. ? Ohlinger, R. , 1995. Soil respiration by titration. In ? Schinner, F. , Ohlinger, R. , Kandeler, E. , Margesin, R. (Eds. ), Methods in Soil Biology. Springer , Berlin, pp. 9598. Oved, T. , Shaviv, A. , Goldrath, T. , Mandelbaun, R. T. , Minz, D. , 2001. In? uence of ef? uent irrigation on community composition and function of ammoniaoxidizing bacteria in soil.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 34263433. Paredes, M. J. , Moreno, E. , Ramos-Cormenzana, A. , Martinez, J. , 1987. Characteristics of soil after 101 pollution with waste waters from oil extraction plants. Chemosphere 16, 15571564. Paredes, C. , Roig, A. , Bernal, M. P. , Sanchez-Monedero, M. A. , Cegarra, J. , 2000. Evolution of organic matter and nitrogen during co-composting of olive mill wastewater with solid organic wastes. Biol. Fert. Soils 32 (3), 222227. Perkiomaki, J. , Fritze, H. , 2002. Short and long-term ? ? do of wood ash on boreal forest humus microbial community.Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 13431353. Rinaldi, M. , Rana, G. , Introna, M. , 2003. Olive-mill wastewater spreading in southern Italy effects on a durum wheat crop. Field Crops Res. 84, 319326. Sayadi, S. , Ellouz, R. , 1992. Decolourization of olive mill waste-waters by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium involvement of the lignin-degrading system. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37, 813817. Sayadi, S. , Ellouz, R. , 1995. Roles of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the decolorization of olive mill wastewaters.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 10981103. Sayadi, S. , Allouche, N. , Jaoua, M. , Aloui, F. , 2000. Detrimental effects of high molecular-mass polyphenols on olive mill wastewater biotreatment. Process Biochem. 35, 725735. Scheu, S. , Parkinson, D. , 1994. Changes in the bacterial and fungal biomass C, bacterial and fungal biovolume and ergosterol contents after drying, remoistening and incubation of different layers of cool temperature forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26, 15151525. Sierra, J. , Marti, E. , Montserrat, G. , Cruanas, R. , Garau, M. A. , 2001.Characterization and evolution of a soil affected by olive oil mill wastewat er disposal. Sci. Total Environ. 279, 207214. Trolldenier, G. , 1995. Nitri? ers by MPN method. In ? Schinner, F. , Ohlinger, R. , Kandeler, E. , Margesin, R. (Eds. ), Methods in Soil Biology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 3236. ? ? Yesilada, E. , Ozmen, M. , Yeslada, O. , 1999. Studies on the toxic and genotoxic effect of olive oil mill wastewater. Fresenius Envir. Bull. 8, 732739. Zenjari, A. , Nejmeddine, A. , 2001. Impact of spreading olive mill wastewater on soil characteristics laboratory experiments. Agronomie 21, 749755.My Aim in LifeThere are two things to aim at in life first, to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People have set their own aim depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, Charter Accountants, pilots, teachers and many more. Our life is too short so we have to strive to attain our aim with all our hard work. The main objective for achieving the aim is to get material ple asures, mental happiness as well as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of aiming at something big, makes you big. Charcoal Nehru My aim in life is neither to collect money nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the humanity. Dont aim for success if you want it just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still suffering from. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very dignified and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations About this essay. Future favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. Aristotle. Aim above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something.

Red Bull Case Study Essay

1. What is the case all about?2. What created red Bulls success? Where is the core certify and benefit? Has the crossroads positioning changed over time? What is the role of alcohol mixing to red Bulls success?3. What is inflamed Bulls success formula? For which kind of product/beverage categories will this formula work? How does fierce Bull know when to turn on the announce? What metrics would you use to make this judgment?4. Why did the first U.K launch go awry?5. What changes were make for the U.S market? Should other changes be considered?6. Assume tough competition is coming. How arse Red Bull cherish its franchise? What actions would you recommend?7. What should Red Bulls competitors do? Coke? Pepsi? Anheuser-Busch?8. If you were an investor in Red Bull, would you become your money and run or stay for the long haul?Needless to say, the brand has developed an realize for power, speed, and recklessness1, and dominates the energy drink market all across the globe. As can b e seen in determine Strategies, the energy drink is marketed as a premium product. Special ingredients like taurine and alpine recoil water in addition to a high concentration of caffeine in a can half the size of other energy drinks are used to differentiate Red Bull from competitors Red Bull is known primarily for its dominating position in the energy drink business, selling its Red Bull Energy Drink. In Austria, the company has also started its own TV channel, called Servus.TV, and a cell telephone set service called Red Bull Mobile2 Red Bull sponsors not only some extreme sports athletes3, but also a Formula 1 racing team that won two the constructors and drivers championship in 2010 and 20114 Red Bull CEO Dietrich Mateschitz has also created the foundation Wings for Life, which seeks to backup people suffering from paraplegia. The ultimate goal of the foundation is to make paraplegia curable5. Red Bull product was positioned not for specific occasions, but rather for a ra nge of occasions. With the flexible brand positioning Revitalizes Body and Mind, Red Bull touted itself as suitable for such occasions such as when a long solar day is over, and a long night starts. On long sleep inducing motorways. During intensive working days when thedate planner is filling up, and your energy reserves are emptying out.

Eia Case Study: a Comparison of Two Eia Reports

EIA Case Study A equation of cardinal EIA piece of musics 1. environmental partake discernment traverse of Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai bourn Control apex and Associated consentaneous caboodle, Agreement No. CE 45/2008 (CE). 2. Environmental Impact sagacity Report of Shatin to important Link Mong Kok East to Hung Hom maneuver, Agreement No. NEX/2213 table of contents 1. existence4 2. How atomic number 18 the Two Projects compared4 3. translation of the Case Studies5 3. 1 EIA Report 1 Shatin to Central Link-Mong Kok East to Hung Hom dent5 3. 1. 1 Project stage setting5 3. 1. social system Involved5 3. 1. 3 Projects c all told for the judging of EIAO5 3. 1. 4 res commona of the EIA assume7 3. 1. 5 Conclusion of the EIA proclaim aft(prenominal) mitigation7 3. 2 EIA Report 2 Liantang Heung Yuen Wai leap Control shoot and Associated Works7 3. 2. 1 Project Background7 3. 2. 2 pull Involved7 3. 2. 3 Projects call for the sound judgment of EIAO8 3. 2. 4 S cope of the EIA study9 3. 2. 5 Conclusion of the EIA stem after mitigation9 4. Comparison of the Case studies9 4. 1 resound Impact legal opinion9 4. 1. 1 ecumenic Review of the confinement9 . 1. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines10 4. 1. 3 description of environment, NSRs. 11 4. 1. 4 The Main separate of hoo-ha Impact Assessment11 4. 2 telephone line Impact Assessment13 4. 2. 1 global Review of the cipher13 4. 2. 2 Procurement of applicable laws, regulations and pollutant electric arc standards14 4. 2. 3 Background cinch pollutants concentrations meeted in Projects15 4. 2. 4 Potential initiation of Impact and Assessment methodology16 4. 2. 5 Prediction temperance and rating of Environmental Impact17 4. 3 Water Impact Assessment18 . 3. 1 General Review of the foresee18 4. 3. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines18 4. 3. 3 Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts18 4. 3. 4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures19 5. What do the Case Studies H ighlight from the Two EIA report20 5. 1 Public tripicipation in the Projects20 5. 2 trio-D EIA21 6. Conclusion and future natural covering of the Cases22 References23 1. Introduction The EIA have long-term brisk in Hong Kong. aft(prenominal) the 1979, the EIA entered into the magisterial application of an administrative system.An EIA Bill, which would have allowed EIA to become a statutory necessity, was approved by the government in 1997. After that, the EIA continuely developed rapidly in the next 15 years and became a heavy and vital imperative part in all project as long as reality and government would concern about. An EIA is a creative process addressing the diverse challenges of very different projects in oft very different environments around the world. The objective of all the EIA is to control, contain, minify, and even remove a development applications potential negative dazes on the environment.This report selects 2 EIA reports which were approved in the recent two years to make a comparison on their different technical approaches, methods, and assessment results so that to reappraisal the current development of EIA discipline. How the two projects are compared allow be introduced counter fit. The main content with respect of comparison on preventative electrical shock assessment, credit line intrusion assessment and water collision assessment follows. Subsequently, the report would like to mention round valuable elements discovery during the comparison.These messages will be organized in What do the case studies highlight from the two report part. Finally, the report ends up in a polish and some implication for the future EIA. 2. How are the Two Projects compared In this Case Study paper, an introduction to the whole EIA procedures ( implicates the characteristic of the projects, the traits for EIA focus on and scope of different disciplines of assessment, the relevant mitigation methods, etc) will be first dis breezeed found on a combination review of Executive brief, the introduction part of the two reports and relevant Figures.The comprehensive comparison of the disagreement clashing assessment, Air impact assessment, water impact assessment and other impact assessment mingled with the two projects follows. All the preceding(prenominal) menti peerless(prenominal)d comparisons will be in agreement with the criteria demonstrate in the EIAO-TM. Subsequently, valuable points discovered during the comparison between the EIA procedures in the two projects are presented. These defend theWhat do the case studies highlight about the two EIA reports figure. Finally, the conclusion on the case studies and some recommendations for the visualised EIA report are provided.TheComparison of the case studiesis the main part of the case study report. A profligate review on the courseware of CSE 508 environmental impact assessment will be prior to the commencement of the comparison. By doing this, a pie ce of widely distributed procedures for EIA studies which include a. Identity b. Description c. Procurement d. Condition of Prediction activities e. Assessment f. Mitigations, etc are formed to analyze the two reports, all the information provide in the EIA reports will be re set into the to a higher place categories for a more than clear comparison, regardless of the pilot film presentation form of each report.Compare scenarios of eddy phase and surgical procedure phase separately is too requi state of aff halos in the report. Public affair is affect in both the two projects, the report similarly review them and comment on the different strivements state-supported had made. Apart from this, having noticed the excellent contribution of 3-D model in the EIA, the report to a fault introduces the substance of 3D EIA in the Liantang project. These two elements are of application value. 3. Description of the Case Studies 3. 1 EIA Report 1 Shatin to Central Link-Mong Kok Ea st to Hung Hom contribution 3. 1. 1 Project BackgroundThe project is known as SCL Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section SCL (MKK-HUH). The realignment run for the existing EAL tracks from the delve portal cuddle Oi Man Estate (portal 1A) to the proposed North Ventilation twist, arrange Rooms and Emergency Access (NOV) 1 in Hung Hom. It is approximately 1. 2km long from the burrow portal conterminous Oi Man Estate (portal 1A) to the proposed NOV in Hung Hom. The project caprioleing area is land-based only with n both marine full sermon nor use up of sea-water cooling system. The primary aspect phase elements displayed in card 1 and 2 below. 3. 1. 2 grammatical twirl InvolvedSections secernate twist heads pe shekelsration 1A (the most northern part of the project boundary) to North of Hung Hom Station (HUH) Construction of a branch of track (with a trough and tunnel toward Chatham Road Inter alternate) Construction Works part above ground, e. g. Associated slope pla nt life at Oi Sen Path Construction of Noise Mitigation Measures at admission 1A Realignment of Cheong Wan Road North of HUH to Hung Hom NOV Construction of the approach tunnel Construction of sunrise(prenominal) platforms (at the existing HUH) Construction of ventilation shafts at north and southernmost of HUH Construction works areas above ground, eg.Cooling Tower process of one barging point with two cargo ramps at Hung Hom Freight Pier (It will be constructed by Kwun Tong post Extension (KTE) in the lead commencement of the edifice of the Project Table 1 Construction kind Elements 3. 1. 3 Projects call for the assessment of EIAO The Project together with some associated works would cover three designated project (DP) elements as specified below the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance (EIAO) (Cap. 499) as identified below Item DP1 A rail bureau and its associated stations under A. in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. railsway from Portal 1A to the unexampled NOV and the H UH Item DP2 A railway tunnel more than 800m in length between portals under A. 7 in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. from Chatham Road Interchange to the parvenue NOV and Item DP3 A track which is an expressway, trunk itinerary, primary distributor driveway or district distributor road including new roads, and major extensions or improvements to existing road under A. 1 in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. Realignment of existing Cheong Wan Road which is a district distributor. the shifted alignment is maneuvern in Appendix 1. 3) Apart from the above DP Elements, the interest minor modification works would be conducted at the nearby siding and beloved cards which are currently designated project exempted under Section 9(2) of the EIAO A railway siding, depot, maintenance workshop, marshalling deoxyguanosine monophosphate or commoditys footstep under A. 4 in Schedule 2 Part 1 i. e. Ho Man Tin siding. Based on the latest information, t here will be neither change in frequency nor function of the sidings.Three existing tracks will be funkd to one track with a spur track approaching the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Phase 8 (HKPU Phase 8) area and the number of miscegenation will be reduced (see Appendix 1. 4). A railway siding, depot, maintenance workshop, marshalling yard or goods yard under A. 4 in Schedule 2 Part 1 Mong Kok Freight Terminal at MKK. Based on the latest information, there will be no change in function of the terminal. MKK will be slightly modified for additional work area of constructs and facilities of the existing terminal. There will be neither modification nor addition to the existing three rail tracks (see Appendix 1. ). Section recognize procedureal Items Before Yr 2020 ( development existing East Rail Line tracks and station) Key Operational Items After Yr 2020 (after the completion of the whole SCL) Portal 1A to north of HUH employ existing MLR/SP 1900 arises Using existing ballast tracks (above ground) Freight train exploits to cease extraordinary Intercity and maintenance locomotive movements, same as the common modify Alignment of Ho Man Tin Siding slightly revised Using new 9-car trains of SP 1900, or equivalent Using slab tracks at tunnel near Carmel Secondary School Using new HUH latform Freight train actions to cease Infrequent Intercity and maintenance locomotive movements, same as the customary condition Alignment of Ho Man Tin Siding slightly revised North of HUH to Hung Hom NOV Using existing MLR/SP 1900 trains Using existing ballast track (above ground) Using existing EAL platform Freight train operations to cease Infrequent Intercity movement, same as the prevailing condition Realigned Cheong Wan Road saucily Exhaust/Intakes at HUH in operation (since Yr 2018) Using new 9-car trains of SP 1900, or equivalent Using new slab tracks (most are underground) Using new platform Freight train operations to cease Infrequent Intercity movement, same as the prevailing con dition Realigned Cheong Wan Road Table 2 Operational Phase Elements 3. 1. 4 Scope of the EIA studyIn accordance of rights with the EIA Study Brief and the EIAO-TM guidelines, the EIA has been conducted in the fields include Landscape and opthalmic Impacts, Air Quality, Airborne Noise Impact, Ground-borne Noise Impact, Water Quality Impact, yen Management Implications and Land Contamination. 3. 1. 5 Conclusion of the EIA report after mitigation Overall, the EIA Study has reason that the Project is environmentally acceptable in compliance with environmental legislation and standards and provides substantive societal benefits. With the implementation of environmental control measures during wind and operation of the Project, the individual impacts are minimized and there would be no adverse residual impacts from the project. 3. 2 EIA Report 2 Liantang Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works 3. 2. 1 Project BackgroundIt is anticipated that the volume of cross-bo undary trading will continue to increase with the closer ties of Hong Kong-Shenzhen and the completion of the planned Eastern Corridor in Shenzhen, Consider to this, the Liantang Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point was designed to meet the future relations demand and re-distribute cross-boundary traffic amongst the crossings in the east. 3. 2. 2 Construction Involved The Project consists of two main components, construction of a BCP and construction of a connecting road alignment. The connecting road alignment consists of six main sections 1. Lin Ma string up to Frontier shut Area (FCA) Boundary this section comprises at- graduate and viaducts and includes the improvement works at Lin Ma Hang Road 2.Ping Yeung to Wo Keng Shan this section stretches from the Frontier Closed Area Boundary to the tunnel portal at Cheung Shan and comprises at-grade and viaducts including an shift at Ping Yeung 3. North tunnel this section comprises the tunnel segment at Cheung Shan and include s a ventilation building at the portals on either end of the tunnel 4. Sha Tau Kok Road this section stretches from the tunnel portal at Wo Keng Shan to the tunnel portal south of Loi Tung and comprises at-grade and viaducts including an interchange at Sha Tau Kok and an administration building 5. South Tunnel this section comprises a tunnel segment that stretches from Loi Tung to Fanling and includes a ventilation building at the portals on either end of the tunnel as tumefy as a ventilation building in the middle of the tunnel near Lau Shui Heung 6.Fanling this section comprises the at-grade, viaducts and interchange connection to the existing Fanling Highway. The construction of the project are concluded in the following Table 3 Table 3 Construction invovled the Liantang project 3. 2. 3 Projects call for the assessment of EIAO (i) situation formation for the construction of a BCP building in the area of Chuk Yuen hamlet (ii) Drainage facilities discharging into the Shenzhen River associated with the BCP (iii) cargo bear on facilities including processing kiosks for clearance of goods vehicles, vehicle holding areas, customs inspection platforms, cargo examination buildings, X-ray building, consider stations etc. (iv) Passenger related facilities including processing kiosks and examination facilities for private cars and coaches, passenger clearance building and halls, etc. (v) Accommodation for and facilities of the Government departments providing services in connection with the BCP (vi) Provision of transport related facilities in spite of appearance the BCP including human beings transport interchange, and transport drop-off and pick-up areas (vii) Other peripheral structures and supporting facilities such as link up across Shenzhen River, border road and fences, water supply system, utilities, culvert, waste pipe and sewerage etc. (viii) Construction of a dual two-lane trunk road with traffic control and surveillance system connecting th e BCP with Fanling Highway close to Wo Hop Shek which comprises approximately 5. km of viaduct and/or at grade sections, and two tunnel sections totalling 5. 7 km in length, tunnel administration building and tunnel ventilation system (Ix) Associated diversion / modification works at Lin Ma Hang Road to cope with the BCP development (x) Associated environmental mitigation measures, landscaping works, drainage/ sewerage, waterworks, utilities and traffic engineering works and (xi) Collection, treatment and disposal of sewerage generated from the BCP via provision of an on- order sewage treatment facility to a tertiary level with proposed Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) treatment and effluent reuse. The Project is classified as Designated Projects (DPs) based on items A. 1 and F. in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the EIA Ordinance A dual two-lane trunk road connecting the BCP with Tolo/Fanling Highway about 5. 3km on viaduct or at grade and 5. 7km in tunnels (item A. 1) and Reuse of treated se wage effluent from a tertiary treatment plant for irrigation at the BCP (item F. 4. ). 3. 2. 4 Scope of the EIA study In accordance with the EIA Study Brief and the EIAO-TM guidelines, the EIA has been conducted in the fields include Air Quality, Noise Impact, Water Quality Impact, Water Quality, Waste Management Implications, Land Contamination, Ecology, Fisheries, Landscape, Visual and Glare, ethnic Heritage. The discovered assessment points have been concluded in Appendix 1. The relevant mitigation measures list in Appendix 2. 3. 2. Conclusion of the EIA report after mitigation Based on the results of the assessments, the EIA study concludes that the Project would be environmentally acceptable and in compliance with the environmental legislation and standards. With the implementation of the recommended environmental mitigation measures, no signifi whoremastert adverse residual impacts from the Project are anticipated. A comprehensive environmental monitoring and examine program me should be implemented to check the implementation of mitigation measures and environmental compliance. 4. Comparison of the Case studies 4. 1 Noise Impact Assessment 4. 1. 1 General Review of the projectThe follows Table 4 demonstrates a general condition of two projects in noise impact assessment Table 4 Noise impact assessment of two projects It is worth mentioned that in the Liantang project, it anticipates the predicted operation noise level in the next 30 years which the SCL project does not include due to their operation noise stem from electric data track but not cars. 4. 1. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines The regulations adopt in the SCL and Liantang projects, as shows in Table 5, the NCO and EIAO-TM play dominant role in restrict the standards. IND-TM is also utilise into both the Construction phase and operation phase for the carryborne and ground borne noise impact assessment in the two projects.For a improve control of air property assessmen t during the construction phase, both the SCL and Liantang introduce DA-TM and GW-TM as their guideline. The SCL project also introduced the PP-TM to Construction phase and HKPSG to Operation phase, respectively. Table 5 Standards used in two projects 4. 1. 3 Description of environment, NSRs. Background noise In the SCL project, noise measurements have been conducted from January to April 2009 to identify the prevailing noise levels, ss observed during the measurements, existing noise was dominated by traffic noise from major roads. Railway noise from the East Rail Line was also audible at some locations.However, there was no information offered in the report on the assessment methodology for the background noise. The Liantang Project, Noise surveys were carried out from November 2009 to April 2010 to investigate the background noise condition of the surrounding environment and the Project Area. The method to measure the background noise as follows During each measurement, the impe lastrable level meter was checked using an acoustic calibrator generating a sound pressure level of 94dB(A) at 1kHz immediately sooner and after the noise measurement. The measurements were accepted as valid only if the calibration levels before and after the noise measurement were agreed to within 1. 0dB(A).Moreover, the sound level meters and acoustic calibrators are graduate in accredited laboratories yearly to ensure reliable surgery. Noise Sensitive Receivers As the SCL project is set(p) at the urban area, period the Liantang project build at the remote moorings, the different categories of potential NSRs neb for the proportion differently in the total discovered. The selected NSRs in SCL were assigned to Residential, Commercial as well as Educational places. Whereas the eligible NSRs in the Liantang project belonged to Residential, agricultural places as well as green flush due to several villages nearby. 4. 1. 4 The Main P arts of Noise Impact AssessmentThe main part s of Noise Impact Assessment include ?. Potential sources of Impact, ?. Assessment methodology ?. Evaluation of Impact ?. Mitigation measures ?. Evaluation of Residual Impact ?. Evaluation of Cumulative impact (if possible) The SCL report introduced these procedures one by one, whereas the Liantang report, in accordance with the different nature of various noises, separately interpreted the content of the procedures in construction phase, operation phase and fixed plant noise. 4. 1. 4. 1 Assessment Methodology two the SCL and Liantang project faced noise during Construction phase, stem from the PME for various construction activities.For the Operation phase, the SCL and Liantang projects suffered from railway noise and traffic noise, respectively. Construction phase some(prenominal) the two project made use of the GW-TM, and regarded the BS 5228 Part1 2009 as a complement for sound former level (SWL). The function as follow SPL = SWL DC + FC (1) where Sound Pressure Levels, SPL in dB(A) Sound personnel Levels, SWL in dB(A) Distance Attenuation, DC in dB(A) = 20log(D)+8 (where D is the distance between NSRs and noise source in meters) Facade Correction, FC in dB(A) = 3dB(A) For assessing the Groundborne Noise, the SCL and Liantang project adopted different function (Table 6) Groundborne Assessment methods SCL Liantang role Lp = Lv,rms + Cdist + Cdamping + Cbuilding + Cfloor + Cnoise + Cmulti + Ccum LA = Lv,rms + C dist + C damping + BCF + BVR + CTN + C cum Interpretation Lv,rms Reference chill first, Cbuilding Coupling press release into Building Structures,Cfloor Coupling Loss per Floor Cnoise Conversion from Floor Vibration to Noise Levels, Cmulti Multiply Source Factor Ccum Cumulative Effect. LA A-weighted Ground-borne noise level at NSR, ref 20 ? -PascalC dist Distance attenuationC damping dirt damping loss across the geological mediaLv,rms Vibration velocity (in RMS) of a PME at a reference distanceBCF Vibration coupling loss gene between the so il and the foundation, relative levelBVR Building vibration reducing or amplification within a structure from the foundation to the occupied areas, relative levelCTN Conversion from floor and besiege vibration to noise, 10-8 m/s or 10-6 in/s to 20 ? PascalC cum Cumulative noise impact from concurrent projects Analyze the different The principles of two functions are the same, eject the Liantang one introduce the Building Vibration Response (BVR) to influence the function due to the consideration that Since ground-borne vibration level will be the highest on the lower level of a building, a conservative building structure attenuation factor of 2dB per octave band. Table 6 Different methods used in air impact assessment Operation phase The source of noise during the operation phase in the SCL and Liantang projects are railway noise and traffic noise respectively. Because of this, different functions for calculating the airborne and groundborne noise have been separately adopted in the assessment procedure.It is worth to mention that the assessment methodology used in Liantang project, which build up 4 models (include 1) a comparing the noise level with and without project, 2) a comparing between arrant(prenominal) and mitigated, 3) an assessment on tack togetherivity and adequacy of noise mitigation measure and 4) an assessment on noise level of NSRs to testify the effect of the Noise impact) to decompose and ensure the effect, ensure the noise criteria have been effectively obeyed and the mitigation measures implemented efficiently. 4. 1. 4. 2 Mitigation Measures Construction phase During the construction phase, both the projects adopted the following methods to reduce noise good site practice to limit noise emissions at source selection of quieter plant use of transferrable noise barrier use of noise enclosure/ acoustic shed and use of noise insulating fabric. astute difference when they make use of each of these measures For the Good sit practice, the SCL project mentioned one more dodge than the Liantang project Silencers or mufflers on construction equipment should be utilized and should be properly maintained during the construction program.It emphasis the definitive role of Silencers and mufflers, with this announcement, the practice work will pay attention to the maintenance of the silencers device. In the Use of Movable Noise Barrier part, except demonstrate the effectiveness of this equipment in reducing the noise, the SCL and Liantang projects also regulate the poppycock role of the noise barrier (14 kg/m2 and 7 kg/m2, respectively. ). This regulation is important, as various materials for noise barriers perform differently in prevent the noise, only a define material role screwing ensure the effect of noise reduction is really achieved. interim hoardings was also applied in used in the SCL project, it was 2. 4 meters high. Operation phase SCL LiantangSource of Noise Railway Noise Traffic Noise Mitigation Measur es ? 150m long natural ventilated absorptive noise enclosure broken in noise road surfacing (LNRS)Noise barrier/enclosure 4. 2. 5 Conclusion What should be highlighted here is the mitigation method of Low noise road surfacing during operation phase for the Liantang project, which is an effective way to reduce the noise caused by traffic. The source of traffic noise generally stem from the fraction between the tiers and road surface and engine noise. Consider to this, efficient low noise road surfacing can reduce the traffic noise at the born phase. Furthermore, several new materials for low noise road surfacing (rubber road, etc. are available currently, it is reasonable to anticipate the development of effective way to reduce traffic noise will lie on the new materials for pavement. 4. 2Air Impact Assessment 4. 2. 1 General Review of the project SCL Construction 1. Sources of the air contaminants mainly be related to construction dust from excavation, drift remotion, wind erosio n as well as material handling at the barging point 2. ASR 14 representatives within 500m from the project alignment. 3. Air quality of unmitigated scenario the predicted cumulative maximum periodic, cursory, and yearly average TSP at most ASR would exceed the criteria stipulate in EIAO-TM and AQO. 4.Mitigation measures 1) watering on active works areas, exposed areas and pave haul roads 2) enclosing the unloading process at barging point, etc 5. Air quality of mitigated scenario The hourly, daily and annual TSP in all ASRs would approve with the EIAO-TM hourly (500? g/m3)and AQO daily and annual TSP criteria. (260? g/m3 and 80? g/m3m3) Operation 1. As the train will be electrically operated, air quality impact is therefore not anticipated during operational phase. 2. Exhausts for general ventilation and smoke extraction facilities will also be carefully positioned Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works Construction 1.Source s of the air contaminant s The main construction activities that would contribute to construction dust impacts include excavation/earth works, road works, slope works, site formation and construction of superstructures such as the buildings within the BCP and the tunnel ventilation buildings. 2. ASR A total of 46 air sensitive receivers (ASRs) were identified for the construction phase assessment. 3. Air quality of unmitigated scenario 20 ASRs that would potentially be subjected to exceedance of hourly TSP criterion. 4 ASRs would potentially be subjected to exceedance of daily TSP criterion. No ASRs will exceed the annual criterion. 4. Mitigation measures 1) water spraying of up to 8times per day for active construction areas 2) 80% of stockpiling area with impervious sheeting 3) Limit the speed of construction of vehicles to 10km/hour 4) pave all haul road within the site 5.Air quality of mitigated scenario The hourly, daily and annual TSP in all ASRs would comply with the EIAO-TM hourly (500? g/m3)and AQO daily and annual TSP criteria. (260? g/m3 and 80? g/m3m3) Operation 1. Source s of the air contaminants vehicular emissions from the open roads, ventilation shafts, mid-ventilation building in Hong Kong, kiosks, loading and unloading areas and public transport interchange (PTI) of the BCPs on both Hong Kong side and Shenzhen side and the on-site sewage treatment works at the BCP Key air pollutants NO2 and RSP 2. ASRs 49ASRs were found 3. Air quality of unmitigated scenario The results of the operational phase ir quality assessment showed that the predicted hourly, daily and annual NO2 levels as well as the daily and annual RSP concentrations at all 49 ASRs were in compliance with the corresponding AQOs (300 ? g/m3, 150 ? g/m3 and 80 ? g/m3 for NO2 and 180? g/m3 and 55 ? g/m3 for RSP, respectively) 4. Mitigation measures For the on-site sewage treatment works at the BCP, total containment of sewage channels and provision of deodorization facilities will be implemented. 5. Air qualit y of mitigated scenario The nearest ASRs are at least 490m away from the sewage treatment works, it is anticipated that there would not be significant odors impact on the nearby ASRs. 4. 2. Procurement of relevant laws, regulations and pollutant emission standards Both of the SCL and the Liantang project completed the EIA report based on the guideline and air quality assessment that are stipulated in EIAO-TM, in which the maximum permissible concentrations over specific periods for typical pollutants should be met. Some specific requirements on air quality assessment for SCI Project are stipulated in Clause 3. 4. 2 of the EIA Study Brief. Both the SCI and Liantang Projects adopt Air befoulment Control Ordinance (APCO), Air contamination Control (Construction Dust) Regulation to regulate their air quality and construction dust density.Meanwhile, the Liantang Project also procure thePractice Note on Control of Air Pollution in Vehicle Tunnels which published by EPD to control the t unnel air quality. Table 7 the guidelines for Air impact assessment in Liantang Project 4. 2. 3 Background air pollutants concentrations adopted in Projects Background air quality The level of TSP (total suspended particulates) is the major concern in the SCL project. It make use of the five-spot years (2006 2010) annual average monitoring data enroled at EPD? s general air quality monitoring stations in urban areas to estimate the background TSP concentration since there is no EPD general air quality monitoring station located in projects areas. Unlike the SCL project, the Liantang project had EPD record in the project area.Therefore, the latest available 5-year average ambient concentrations of pollutants measured at EPDs Tai Po Air Quality Monitoring Station have been taken as the background concentrations for the air quality assessments. In the Liantang project, it also cared about the density of NO2 and RSP (respirable suspended particulates) which was not the issue in the S CI project. Noteworthily, the report prove its effective in control the air emission by taking the future reduction of emission in this area into consideration, with which a lower background concentration would be generated in the plan of attack years. The TSP background concentration in SCI and Liantang were 75. 2 and 66. 6 ? g/m3, respectively.The background concentrations of NO2 and RSP in the Liantang project were 50. 4 and 49. 9? g/m3. ASRs 1) In the SCL project, the verification of ASRs in this project according to the guidance of EIAO-TM (any domestic premises, hotel, hostel, hospital, clinic, nursery, short housing accommodation, school, educational institution, office, factory, shop, shopping centre, place of public worship, library, court of law, sports stadium or performing arts centre are considered as ASRs. ) 500m from the Project alignment and boundaries of all associated areas under the project was the scope for air impact assessment stipulated in the EIA study brie f. 14 respectively ASRs were selected eventually. 00m was also the scope for the Liantang project, however, as the place the project covered were mostly at the broad land of Hong Kong and Shenzhen and remote area of Hong Kong, the ASRs of interest were mainly scattered village houses situated in the vicinity of the BCP or alongside the BCP connecting road. In addition, the air aspiration point(s) of the buildings in the BCP were also considered in the project. 49 respectively ASRs were selected eventually. Among the ASRs, CY3 was eliminated considered that it would be relocated to resite. 2) In the SCL project, the lowest altitude for air sensitive use at respective ASRs locations was taken as either at 1. 5m above local ground level (AGL) which is the average height of the human breathing zone or at the lowest height, in view of the construction phase would be or mostly under the ground level using cut-and-cover method and the operation phase had no remarkable contaminants.Then, the assessment heights (in AGL) were arranged at 1, 5, 10, 15&20, respectively. In the Liantang project, since all the ASRs except BDG1 are low-rise village houses or playground, three assessment levels have been adopted, which are 1. 5m, 5m and 10m above local ground level (AGL). 4. 2. 4 Potential source of Impact and Assessment methodology The SCL project pay more attention to clarify the potential sources of impact, while the Liantang project emphasis more on the methods for the assessment. Potential source of Impact In the SCL project, major construction works that would contribute to construction dust impacts vehicle emission caused the air impact in the operation phase.In order to clarify the different contribution of various parts of the project on air quality impact, the SCL project analyze the project by dividing it into separated parts include (construction stage) cut and cover works for tunnel and surface works construction of superstructures including the ventilation sha fts modification work to HUH podium structure loading/unloading at barging point and (operation stage) vehicle operation to the east, west, north, south of the road. While the Liantang project, it only simply concluded that construction dust and vehicle emission would generate in the construction and operation phase without estimate out the different contribution of contaminant factors at different part of the project. Assessment Methodology Both the SCI and Liantang projects calculated the Emission Inventory and utilized Dispersion Modeling & Concentration tally to do the assessment. The Liantang project also considered the effect of weather, which adopted the Meteorological data for a full year measured at the vicinity of the project into its Fugitive Dust Model (FDM).The Liantang project also calculated the cumulative impacts of all influence factors for air quality. For the operation stage, only qualitative approach is adopted to address the air quality implications in the SCI project. While the Liantang project carefully analyzed the different emission areas with different assessment methods Emissions from unre work out Roads Emissions from Ventilation Shafts and Building of Tunnels Emission from Tunnel Portals In-tunnel Air Quality Emission from kiosks, loading and unloading areas and PTI Cumulative Impacts Calculation of Total Concentration 4. 2. 5 Prediction Mitigation and Evaluation of Environmental Impact Overall reviewBoth the SCL and Liantang projects achieve the evaluation goal by comparing the unmitigated scenario with the post mitigated ones, so that to demonstrate the effectualness of their implemented mitigation measures. Slightly difference in terms of the government bodily function indicates in this part. The SCL adopt the unmitigated scenarioSpecify details on the mitigation methods mitigated scenario, while the Liantang chiefly introduced the different performance of air impact between the unmitigated and mitigated project and interp reted what the mitigation measures it had adopted, separately. Its analysis also divided the TSP mightiness into hourly, daily, and annual branches which the SCL never done. The former one showed us a natural procedure Problem- dissolving agent-problem was effectively solved by showing the postaddressed data model.When it comes to the Liantang project, more concentration would be on ful bringing the requirement of EPD on the organization of EIA report. The benefit of SCL organization is more agreement and approval can be acquired from us, in another words, the report can facilities more populace to understand the report without having relevant knowledge. The advantage of Liantang organization whitethorn satisfy the EPD authority much more because it introduced every procedure in detail take in EIAO-TM. Furthermore, the Liantang project, also assess the emission control as well as the Odour from the Proposed sewer Treatment Works in satisfying of the specify need of this project. T hese parts were not included in the SCL project. Mitigation measuresExcept the common dust control measures which were adopted in both the two projects, dust prohibition measures stipulated in the Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust) Regulation as well as good site practices were also included in the SCL and Liantang projects. One other point worth emphasizing is that the Liantang project 4. 3 Water Impact Assessment 4. 3. 1 General Review of the project 4. 3. 1. 1 Water quality background The SCI and Liantang projects made use of the monitoring data in the vicinity areas given by authorities to describe their environment. Due to the absence of water quality information at Kong Yiu Channel in the Liantang project, a water quality survey was conducted at Kong Yiu Channel near the Works Area. With the above mentioned ways, the water qualities of the project environment were confirmed. . 3. 1. 2 Water Sensitive Receivers SCI There is no remarkable WSR in the project except three cooling water intakes were identified within 300m from the project boundaries. Liantang Key water sensitive receivers that may potentially be affected include Shenzhen River (WSR1) Kong Yiu Channel (WSR2) River Ganges (WSR3) River Indus (WSR4) Ma Wat Channel (WSR5) Streams at Kau Lung Hang (WSR6) Upstream of Man Uk Pin Stream (WSR7) 4. 3. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines EIAO-TM is the basic legislation for both the SCI and Liantang projects to do the water impact assessment and mitigation. Besides the EIAO-TM, both the wo projects introduced Water Pollution Control Ordinance drive Water Quality Objectives and Technical Memorandum on Standards for Effluents Discharged into Drainage and Sewerage Systems, Inland and coastal Waters to benefit the assessment. Furthermore, Practice Note for Professional Persons on Construction Site Drainage provided decent practice guidelines for handling and disposal of construction site fires. The Liantang project also adopt the criteria of no net increase in pollution load requirement as specified in the Town be after Board Guidelines No. 12B. It is believe that this guideline would be useful on protecting important habitats and wildlife of the ambiguous Bay region. 4. 3. 3 Prediction and Evaluation of ImpactsThe commonly used approaches for Environmental impact predictions are as follow Mass Balance Approaches calculations to determine average concentrations and percentage changes in pollutant loadings Mathematical Modeling Approaches the somatic system is reduced to one or two dimensions using mathematical expressions to simplify the data requirements and solution techniques Aquatic-Ecosystem-Modeling Approaches Instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM) Habitat evaluation procedure (HEP) Habitat evaluation system (HES) In the SCI report, no above mentioned method was introduced in both the construction phase and operation phase. Whereas the Liantang report, the Mass balance approaches were adopted in most of the impacts in operation phase. For example In the BCP part, it revealed that the estimated additional peak discharge generated from the proposed development is about 6. 5m3/s under a 1 in 50 year turn back period storm, which is approximately 2. % of the peak flow of the existing Shenzhen River near River Ganges in the Road part, the net increase in water level and discharge at the Fanling Highway Connection are less than 20 mm and 1 m3/s respectively to showed the impact is considered insignificant In the Sewage effluents and sewerage impact, approximately 185m3/day and 142. 56m3/day average dry weather flow generated from the proposed BCP at Hong Kong side and Resite of Chuk Yuen Village are estimated. By using this method, vague impact can be clearly still and measured. 4. 3. 4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 4. 3. 4. 1 Construction Phase Construction site runoff and drainage The common measurements in both the SCL and Liantang project include something concern o n-site drainage system, sediment basins-sand removal facilities, inspection, temporary cover during wet season excavation, vehicle should be washed, Open stockpiles of construction materials (e. g. ggregates, sand and fill material) on sites should be covered with tarpaulin or similar fabric during rainstorms, etc. The Liantang project also mentioned the build of Ditches to to facilitate the runoff discharge into stormwater drainage system through a sediment/ clog trap. While the SCL project did many detail design for its mitigation methods Minimum distances of 100 m should be maintained between the discharge points of construction site run-off and the existing saltwater intakes it said it should undergo the removal of settleable solids in a silt removal facility, and pH adjustment as necessary. Both two reports mentioned a discharge licence was also requisite for effluent discharge.In addition to list out the mitigation measures, the Liantang project also stipulated the water miti gated conditions should be achieved Adequate measures should be implemented to ensure no pollution or siltation occurs to the catchwaters and catchments. No earth, building materials, oil or fuel, soil, toxic materials or any materials that may perhaps cause contamination to water gathering grounds are allowed to be stockpiled on site. All surplusage spoil should be removed from water gathering grounds as soon as possible. Temporary drains with silt traps should be constructed at the site boundary before the commencement of any earthworks. Regular killing of silt traps should be carried out to ensure proper operation at all time. All excavated or filled surfaces which have the risk of erosion should always be protected form erosion.Facilities for washing the wheels of vehicles before leaving the site should be provided . These standards were really useful, as the predefine mitigation measures may not practical after the commencement of the project. In order to reduce the water im pact at best, guidelines on to what extent the performance of the changed mitigation methods should achieved can guarantee the water mitigation efficient. Other concerns part For the Accidental Spillage, the Liantang project regulated all fuel tanks and storage areas should be provided with locks and be sited on sealed area. Whereas the SCL emphasized the protection of Waste disposal so as to minimize the possibility of accidental spillage.First, it required the contractor to be registered as a chemical waste producer the Waste Disposal Ordinance is regulated follows. 4. 3. 4. 2 Operation phase In the operation phase, the SCL project emphasis the important role of filtering, it regulated many filter-like processes before the discharge. While the Liantang project adopted a dry weather flow intercepting system in the BCP to minimize the pollutants discharging in the Shenzhen River. 5. What do the Case Studies Highlight from the Two EIA report EIA, in essence, is an assessment of the i mpact of a planned activity on the environment. The ultimate aim of EIA is to control, contain, minimize, and even remove a development activitys potential negative impacts on the environment.The core concept of Environment, can be defined as the combination of elements of whose complex inter-relationships make up the settings, the surroundings and the conditions of life of individual and of society, as they are or as they are felt. Therefore, the concept of environment should be based on the feeling of every people in the regions. In view of this, a qualified EIA report should to some extent comply with the criterion the information within the report, regardless of the professional or non-professional parts, will pursue to be understood by the most stakeholders, both the authorities and the public. To achieve this goal, the professional EIA report which used to only be fully understand by the professional, need more show forms that facilitate the others without relevant background to read.Two of the mentioned show forms, have been successfully utilized in the Liantang Projects- 1) The public consultation during the projects and 2) 3D EIA attach to the EIA report. The effect of these two methods satisfies the objective of the EIA at best. Both of the two measures should be advocated to the EIA of future projects. The comparison of the SCL and Liantang projects on with and without as well as practice well and practice not well the two methods revealed their prominent role play in Environmental impact assessment. 5. 1 Public Participation in the Projects Mentioned in the Project Description, both the two projects asserted that they did a great job in encouraging the joint-force of the Public fraternity for the projects.Nevertheless, the huge differences of performance on the public participation were found after comparing the two projects. The Liantang complied with the judge actions of EPD on accommodating the public at best while the SCL did not. In the Lian tang project, there were a divvy up of project alternatives be adopted in cooperation with the Public. The media of the consultation was Meeting. In order to effectively utilize the public suggestions, the meeting was carried out into two stages Stage 1, meeting with the public to gather the views and expectation Stage two communications of findings and possible outcome. This method was proved efficiently by the subsequent outcome of the public participation. (Table 8).With the assist of enough interactions with the Public which initially regulate in the EIAO-TM, we can see a more safe Liantang project was invented after a lot of reconciliation. Therefore, the Liantang project did very well in public participation. Table 8 However, the SCL did the public consultation quiet perfunctory when it compare in parallel with the same work within Liantang project. From the information offered in the EIA report, the SCL project indicates it insufficiency in interacting with the public. The report introduced that their public consultations were mainly achieved by roving exhibitions, public and professional forums, and seminars, and details on how to carry the activities out and the outcome of the public participation were not illustrated in the report.Having found that most of the activities are advertising of the projects and pretermit of directly interaction and lack of mention on the contribution of public participations, we can interfere that quite a few of the public benefit had been ignored in the project process due to the paucity of listening to the public view. In conclusion, the SCL project is not eligible in according to the criteria on public participation of regulated in EIA study brief. 5. 2 3-D EIA The 3-D EIA technology has been used in the Liantang project, where an addition bottom of Electronic visualization,as shown in Table 9, displays on the website together with other traditional EIA parts. Clicking into the Electronic visualization, an overview of the project location firstly shows on the screen.With a natural blue background color, the welcome image indicates us that a topic that emphasis environment a lot would demonstrate subsequently. Then, the homepages are supported by several useful icons which are Introduction, Baseline, consideration of alternatives, Preferred Option and Impact Assessment. Each of the branches contains some parts of the simplified content which have already been introduced in the EIA report. In cooperation with 3-D model of BCP, all the information can be understood by amateurs in an active and easy way. Table 9 3D-EIA share on the website The approach of 3-D EIA is very useful in many aspects ) The 3-D EIA are based on the information provided in the EIA report, and photos which were taken in practical sceneries. These ensure the authority and reliability of the information provided on the website. 2) 3-D model was adopted to simulate the comprehensive project. Obviously the project will be mo re vivid than the traditional two-dimensional maps. 3) As the internet is not necessary to present information in a formal way, the colloquial kind of English along with the attached photos which display different kinds of important features in the assessment benefit more people to understand EIA report more deeply. Apparently, 3-D EIA report is really useful and should be applied to more project assessment. 6. Conclusion and future application of the CasesThis study reviews the Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works (Agreement No. CE 45/2008) and the Shatin to Central Link Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section (Agreement No. NEX/2213). Comparison on Noise impact assessment, Air impact assessment and Water impact assessment have been conducted during the process. The Assessment approaches and mitigation methods during the construction phase in the two projects are generally same due to their environmental probl em in the three branches (air, water, and noise) were assigned to the similar catagories. In the operation phase, the two projects implemented different measures.The study also highlights the vital role of public played in the Liantang Project, where many of the alternatives are adopted for the initial ones. preferably of advertising-like implementation the public participation strategies like those in the SCL project, the Liantang project actively encouraged the mass to be joint-force to influence the decision-making at some of the location of road or channel, etc. From the experience of this project, we know that the original dicision on the project by the contractor would be unavoidable deficient and may ignored some benefits of the stakeholds. With the help of public participation, complementary effort was generated to revise the project.The 3D EIA is also one of the lightspots discovered during the comparison. Its application in the Liangtang project demonstrates the unique ro le it can act in the EIA report. By attaching the 3D maps, propellent flash-made pictures, and more persuasive computering model on the website, more amuerturs or stakeholders which have been rejecting to participate due to the inferior professional background is acceptable to the EIA inspectation. The 3D EIA narrow the gap between the authority and the mass further. In view of this, the future trend of EIA is recommended to put more focus on ensuring the public participation and adopt the new 3D techinology to assist the EIA report. References 1.Mott MacDonaId, Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works (2010) , EIA Website, Agreement No. CE 45/2008 (CE). 2. AECOM, Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Shatin to Central Link Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section(2011) , Agreement No. NEX/2213. 3. The Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (1997), Environment Protection Department. 4. Mot t MacDonaId, Environmental Impact Assessment Executive Summary- Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works(2010), Civil Engineering and Development Department. 5. AECOM, Environmental Impact Assessment Shatin to Central Link- Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section (2011), MTR Corporation Limited. 6. Environmental Impact Assessment Study Brief No. ESB-192/2008 (2008), MTR Corporation Limited. 7. Environmental Impact Assessment Study Brief NO. ESB- 199/2008 (2008), CIVIL ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT. 8. Christopher Wood, Linden Coppell An evaluation of the Hong Kong environmental impact assessment system (1999), Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 010021-11 9. The surround-sound approach to planning (2012), South mainland China Morning Post. 10. Tilleman, William A. , Public Participation in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process A comparative Study of Impact Assessment in Canada, the United States and the European Community (1995), 33 Colum . J. Transnatl L. 337.